janl@math.uio.no, ĞÅÒÅ×ÏÄ Alex Ott
ott@phtd.tpu.edu.ru ðÒÉÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ĞÅÒÅ×ÏÄÞÉËÁ: ûÌÉÔÅ ÍÎÅ ÌÀÂÙÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ É ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ, ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÅ.
ëÌÀÞÅ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏ×Á: DNS, bind, bind-4, bind-8, named, dialup, ppp, slip, isdn, Internet, ÄÏÍÅÎ (domain), ÉÍÑ (name), ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ (hosts), ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÎ (resolving)
á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ĞÒÁ×Á (c) Nicolai Langfeldt, 1995. îÅ ÉÓĞÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÂÅÚ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ĞÒÁ×, ÒÁÓĞÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ ĞÒÉ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÉ Õ×ÅÄÏÍÌÅÎÉÑ Ï Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ĞÒÁ×ÁÈ.
ñ ÈÏÞÕ ĞÏÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÉÔØ Arnt Gulbrandsen, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ĞÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÞÅÒÎÏ×ÉËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ É ÄÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÏ×ÅÔÏ× É ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÁÃÉÊ. ñ ÔÁËÖÅ ÈÏÞÕ ĞÏÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÉÔØ ÌÀÄÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ĞÒÉÓÌÁÌÉ ÍÎÅ Ó×ÏÉ ĞÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ É ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ.
üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁËÏÎÞÅÎ, ĞÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ĞÏÓÙÌÁÊÔÅ ÍÎÅ
ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ×ÁÛÉÈ ÕÓĞÅÈÁÈ É ÎÅÕÄÁÞÁÈ -- ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ
ÌÕÞÛÅ. ôÁËÖÅ ĞÏÓÙÌÁÊÔÅ ÄÅÎØÇÉ, ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ É/ÉÌÉ ×ÏĞÒÏÓÙ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ
janl@math.uio.no. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ĞÏÓÙÌÁÅÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ É ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
ÏÔ×ÅÔ, ÔÏ ĞÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ĞÒÏÑ×ÉÔÅ ×ÅÖÌÉ×ÏÓÔØ É ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÊ
ÁÄÒÅÓ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ. ôÁËÖÅ ĞÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ
ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
÷ÏĞÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ĞÏÓÙÌÁÔØ
ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ.
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ĞÅÒÅ×ÅÓÔÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ, ÔÏ ĞÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔÅ ÍÎÅ Ï ÜÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÂÙ Ñ ÍÏÇ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ËÁËÉÈ ÑÚÙËÁÈ Ñ ÂÙÌ ÏĞÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÎ, É ÔÁËÖÅ ÞÔÏÂÙ Ñ ÍÏÇ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉÔØ ×ÁÓ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.
üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ĞÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎ Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt. èÏÔÑ ÏÎÁ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÅÇÏ ÎÅ ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÅÔ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÌÁÓÓÕ ÄÅ×ÕÛÅË, Õ×ÌÅÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ĞÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ.
þÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ, É ÞÅÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
äÌÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈ, DNS -- ÜÔÏ äÏÍÅÎÎÁÑ óÉÓÔÅÍÁ éÍÅÎ (Domain Name System). DNS ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ × IP-ÎÏÍÅÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ ÍÁÛÉÎ, ÏÎÁ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÉÚ ÉÍÅÎ × ÁÄÒÅÓÁ É ÉÚ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× × ÉÍÅÎÁ. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ĞÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÁË ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÂÁÚÅ Linux. ðÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ -- ÜÔÏ ĞÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÁÓÓÏÃÉÁÃÉÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ Ä×ÕÍÑ ×ÅÝÁÍÉ, × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÔÁËÉÍ ËÁË ftp.linux.org, É ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ IP ÜÔÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÎÁĞÒÉÍÅÒ 199.249.150.4.
DNS Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ÄÌÑ ÎÅĞÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎÎÙÈ (ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ;-), ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÎÅĞÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÙÈ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ĞÏÓÔÁÒÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ ĞÏÎÑÔÎÅÅ. úÄÅÓØ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ĞÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS. îÁÞÁ× Ó ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ËÜÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ÍÙ ĞÅÒÅÊÄÅÍ Ë ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ DNS ÄÌÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ. äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÙÈ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÷ÏĞÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ. åÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ĞÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ĞÏÌÎÕÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ. ñ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÕÓØ Ë ÔÏÍÕ ÉÚ ÞÅÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ ÜÔÁ ĞÏÌÎÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ × ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎËÊ ÇÌÁ×Å.
äÏ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ ĞÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù
ÍÏÇÌÉ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ telnet ÎÁ ÎÅÅ/Ó ÎÅÅ, É ĞÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ
ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ, É ×ÁÍ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÑÔØ
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ telnet 127.0.0.1 É ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ ÎÁ Ó×ÏÀ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ
(ĞÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ!). ÷ÁÍ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ /etc/nsswitch.conf (ÉÌÉ
/etc/host.conf), /etc/resolv.conf É /etc/hosts,
ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ Ñ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÔØ ÉÈ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ. åÓÌÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ ÓÅÔÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
ÅÝÅ ÎÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ, ÔÏ × NET-3-HOWTO É/ÉÌÉ PPP-HOWTO ×ÁÍ
ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÔ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ. ðÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÉÈ.
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÇÏ×ÏÒÀ `×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ' Ñ ĞÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÀ ÔÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×Ù ĞÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ DNS. á ÎÉ ËÁËÁÑ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ×Ï×ÌÅÞØ × ×ÁÛÉ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÜËÓĞÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÙ.
ñ ĞÒÅÄĞÏÌÁÇÁÀ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ ÚÁ firewall ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÔÉĞÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ ÉÍÅÎ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ÓÅ-ÔÁËÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ ÚÁ firewall, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÁ ÓĞÅÃÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ, ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÷ÏĞÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ.
÷ Unix ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ
named. ïÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ĞÁËÅÔÁ bind, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ Paul Vixie ÄÌÑ Internet Software Consortium. Named
×ËÌÀÞÅÎ × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ï× Linux, É ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
/usr/sbin/named. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ named, ÔÏ ×Ù ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ; åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÇÏ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÓĞÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ
ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ftp ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× Linux, ÉÌÉ ×ÚÑÔØ ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ É ÎÁÉÌÕÞÛÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ
ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× Ó
ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/bind-8/. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ bind
×ÅÒÓÉÉ 8. óÔÁÒÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÅ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4, ÅÝÅ
ÄÏÓÔÕĞÎÙ ĞÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/, × ÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ bind 4. åÓÌÉ ÓĞÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ named ÓÓÙÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ
named.conf, ÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÓÔÏÉÔ bind 8, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÓÓÙÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ
named.boot, ÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ bind 4. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4 É ×Ù
ÏÓÏÓÚÎÁÅÔÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏĞÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ
ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ ÄÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 8.
DNS Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÁÚÏÊ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ï ×ÓÅÍÉÒÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÚÁÂÏÔØÔÅÓØ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ĞÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÅ × ÎÅÅ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ĞÏÍÅÝÁÔØ × ÎÅÅ ×ÓÑËÉÊ ÈÌÁÍ, ÔÏ É ×Ù É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ĞÏÌÕÞÁÔ ×ÓÑËÉÊ ÈÌÁÍ. èÒÁÎÉÔÅ ×ÁÛÕ ÂÁÚÕ DNS × ÁËËÕÒÁÔÎÏÓÔÉ É ×Ù ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÈÏÒÏÛÅÅ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ Ó ÅÅ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ. õÞÉÔÅÓØ ËÁË ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ, ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÏÔÌÁÖÉ×ÁÔØ, É ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÅÝÅ ÏÄÎÉÍ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ, ÈÒÁÎÑÝÉÍ ÓÅÔØ ÏÔ ÓÂÏÅ× × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÎÅÕÍÅÌÏÇÏ ÕĞÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.
÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ Ñ ËÏÎÓÔÁÔÉÒÕÀ ÎÁÂÏÒ ×ÅÝÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ × ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ĞÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍÉ (ÏÎÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ĞÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÎÁĞÏÌÏ×ÉÎÕ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍÉ). ÷ÓÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ × ÃÅÌÑÈ ÕĞÒÏÝÅÎÉÑ. üÔÉ ×ÅÝÉ (×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ;-) ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ĞÏ×ÅÒÉÔÅ, ÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ Ñ ÓËÁÖÕ.
óÏ×ÅÔ: óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏĞÉÉ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ ÂÕÄÕ ÓÏ×ÅÔÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÏÎÉ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ ÎÁÚÁÄ Ë ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.
üÔÏ ĞÅÒ×ÙÊ ÛÁÇ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ DNS, ÏÞÅÎØ ĞÏÌÅÚÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ dialup ĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
ëÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ Ï ÉÍÅÎÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É ÚÁĞÏÍÎÉÔ ÅÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÖÅ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ. üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ ÏÔ×ÅÔÁ ĞÒÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÚÁĞÒÏÓÅ, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.
äÄÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ /etc/named.conf. éÚ ÎÅÇÏ
named ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ĞÒÉ ÓÔÁÒÔÅ. óÅÊÞÁÓ ÏÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ĞÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ
ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:
// æÁÊÌ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÄÌÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ
options {
directory "/var/named";
// òÁÓËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
// ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ firewall É ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ:
// query-source address * port 53;
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
óÔÒÏËÁ `directory' ÚÁÄÁÅÔ ÇÄÅ ÉÓËÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ. ÷ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ
×ĞÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÉ, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÜÔÏÊ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ
pz -- ÜÔÏ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ /var/named, Ô.Å.,
/var/named/pz. /var/named -- ÜÔÏ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÁÑ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ
ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ Linux File system Standard (óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Linux).
æÁÊÌ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ /var/named/root.hints ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ×
ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÊ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ. ïÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ:
. 6D IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.112.36.4 J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.10 K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 193.0.14.129 L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.32.64.12 M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 202.12.27.33 A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.4 H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.63.2.53 B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.9.0.107 C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.33.4.12 D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.8.10.90 E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.203.230.10 I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.36.148.17 F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.5.5.241
üÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÁ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ ĞÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÍÉÒÕ. éÈ
ÓĞÉÓÏË ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É ÜÔÁ ÞÁÓÔØ × ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÔØÓÑ. óÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ĞÏ ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ
ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ËÁË ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓ×ÕÀÝÅÊ
ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ.
óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ × named.conf -- ÜÔÏ ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÚÏÎÁ. ñ
ÏÂßÑÓÎÀ ËÁË ÏÎÁ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÈ, ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ĞÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ
ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ 127.0.0 × ĞÏÄÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ pz:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR localhost.
äÁÌÅÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ /etc/resolv.conf ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÌ
ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu nameserver 127.0.0.1
óÔÒÏËÁ `search' ÚÁÄÁÅÔ × ËÁËÉÈ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÈ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÄÔÉ ĞÏÉÓË ÍÁÛÉÎ Ó
ËÏËÔÏÒÙÍÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ. óÔÒÏËÁ `nameserver' ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ
×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ, × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ ×ÁÛÁ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ
ÎÁ ÎÅÊ ÚÁĞÕÝÅÎ named (127.0.0.1 ÜÔÏ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ, ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ
ĞÒÏÂÌÅÍ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ). åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÉÔÅ
ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ, ÔÏ ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÉÈ ĞÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ
`nameserver' ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ. (úÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ: Named ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÜÔÏÔ
ÆÁÊÌ, ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ resolver, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔ named).
ðÒÏÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÍ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ: åÓÌÉ ËÌÉÅÎÔ ĞÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó
ÉÍÅÎÅÍ foo, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ĞÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ĞÏÌÎÙÍ
ÉÍÅÎÅÍ foo.subdomain.your-domain.edu, ÚÁÔÅÍ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
foo.your-fomain.edu, É × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× foo. åÓÌÉ ËÌÉÅÎÔ
ĞÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ sunsite.unc.edu, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ĞÒÏÂÕÅÔÓÑ
sunsite.unc.edu.subdomain.your-domain.edu (ÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÇÌÕĞÏ, ÎÏ ×ÏÔ
ÔÁË ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ), ÚÁÔÅÍ sunsite.unc.edu.your-domain.edu, É ×
ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× sunsite.unc.edu. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÅ ĞÏÍÅÝÁÔØ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ
ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ĞÏÉÓËÁ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ĞÏÉÓË × ÎÉÈ ÚÁÊÍÅÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ
×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.
ðÒÉÍÅÒ ĞÒÅÄĞÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ
subdomain.your-domain.edu, É ×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
your-machine.subdomain.your-domain.edu. óÔÒÏËÁ ĞÏÉÓËÁ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ×ÁÛ TLD (Top Level Domain (äÏÍÅÎ ÷ÅÒÈÎÅÇÏ õÒÏ×ÎÑ), `edu' ×
ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ). åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÔØÓÑ Ó ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ
ÄÏÍÅÎÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ĞÏÉÓËÁ, ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×ÏÔ ÔÁË:
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu other-domain.com
äÁÌÅÅ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ×ÁÛÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ libc ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ÎÏÓÉÔØ
ÉÓĞÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÌÉÂÏ × ÆÁÊÌ /etc/nsswitch.conf, ÌÉÂÏ × ÆÁÊÌ
/etc/host.conf. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌ nsswitch.conf, ÔÏ
ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ×ÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÓĞÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ × ÎÅÇÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÖÅ ÅÇÏ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ
×ÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÆÁÊÌ host.conf.
/etc/nsswitch.conf
üÔÏ ÄÌÉÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÊ ËÁË ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÔÉĞÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÉÚ ËÁËÏÇÏ
ÆÁÊÌÁ ÉÌÉ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÏÎ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ĞÏÌÅÚÎÙÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ,
ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÞÅÓÔØ ĞÒÉ ÞÔÅÎÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ. ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÎÁÊÄÅÔÅ
ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÕÀÓÑ Ó `hosts:', ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ:
hosts: files dns
hosts:', ÔÏ ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
×ÙÛÅĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ. üÔÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ
×ÙĞÏÌÎÑÔØ ĞÏÉÓË × ÆÁÊÌÅ /etc/hosts, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ĞÒÏÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ DNS ×
ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ĞÏÒÑÄËÏÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÏÍ × ÆÁÊÌÅ resolv.conf.
/etc/host.conf
üÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÔÒÏË ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØÓÑ
ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×Á order É ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:
order hosts,bind
åÓÌÉ ÓÔÒÏËÉ Ó `order' ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÅÅ ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ. ïÎÁ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ
ĞÏÄĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
/etc/hosts, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ Ë ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ ÉÍÅÎ (ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×
resolv.conf ÕËÁÚÁÎ ËÁË ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 127.0.0.1). üÔÉ Ä×Á ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ
ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏĞÉÓÁÎÙ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ (8) ÓĞÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (×ÙĞÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `man
8 resolv') × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ï× Linux. ðÏ ÍÏÅÍÕ ÍÎÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏ ×ĞÏÌÎÅ
ÞÉÔÁÅÍÁÑ ÓĞÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ, É ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ
DNS, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÅÅ ÈÏÔÑ ÂÙ ÒÁÚ. óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ! åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓËÁÖÅÔÅ
ÓÅÂÅ "Ñ ÓÄÅÌÁÀ ÜÔÏ ĞÏÚÖÅ", ÔÏ ×Ù ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ.
ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÉÈ ĞÒÉÇÏÔÏ×ÌÅÎÉÊ ĞÒÉÛÌÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁĞÕÓËÁ named. åÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ dialup ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ĞÒÏÉÚ×ÅÄÉÔÅ ĞÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ. îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
`ndc start' ÂÅÚ ÏĞÃÉÊ, É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ return. åÓÌÉ ÎÉËÁËÏÇÏ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ĞÏĞÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `/usr/sbin/ndc start'.
åÓÌÉ ÏĞÑÔØ ĞÏĞÙÔËÁ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÌÁÓØ, ÔÏ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
÷ÏĞÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ. ôÅĞÅÒØ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ĞÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁÛÕ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ × ÆÁÊÌ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ syslog (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ
/var/adm/messages, ÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ
/var/log É ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ syslog × ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ) ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁĞÕÓËÁ named (×ÙĞÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ tail -f
/var/log/messages), ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ĞÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ:
(ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÎÁ \ ĞÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: starting. named 8.1.1 Sat Feb 14 \
00:18:20 MET 1998 ^Ijanl@roke.uio.no:/var/tmp/bind-8.1.1/src/bin/named
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: cache zone "" (IN) loaded (serial 0)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: master zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" \
(IN) loaded (serial 1)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [127.0.0.1].53 (lo)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [129.240.230.92].53 (ippp0)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: Forwarding source address is [0.0.0.0].1040
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6092]: Ready to answer queries.
åÓÌÉ ÅÓÔØ ËÁËÉÅ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ, ÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ×Ù ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÎÅĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ. Named ÕËÁÖÅÔ × ËÁËÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÏÛÉÂËÁ (Ñ ÎÁÄÅÀÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× named.conf É root.hints :-). úÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔÅ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ named É ĞÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ĞÏÒÁ ÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔØ nslookup É ĞÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
>
åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË, ÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ×Ù ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ. íÙ ÔÁË
ÎÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ. åÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ, ÔÏ ×ÅÒÎÉÔÅÓØ ÎÁÚÁÄ É ×ÓÅ ĞÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ. ëÁÖÄÙÊ
ÒÁÚ ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf, ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔØ
named, ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ndc restart.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ××ÅÓÔÉ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ ÎÁ ĞÏÉÓË ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. ðÏĞÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ
ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÂÌÉÚËÕÀ Ë ×ÁÍ. pat.uio.no ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÂÌÉÚËÏ ÏÔ ÍÅÎÑ, ×
õÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÅ ïÓÌÏ:
> pat.uio.no
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Name: pat.uio.no
Address: 129.240.130.16
óÅÊÞÁÓ nslookup ĞÏĞÒÏÓÉÔ ×ÁÛ named ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ
pat.uio.no. úÁÔÅÍ ÏÎ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ó ÏÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ,
ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ root.hints, É ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ĞÕÔØ Ë
ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ. üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÎÑÔØ ËÁËÏÅ-ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ×Ù ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÉÝÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÈ
ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ /etc/resolv.conf.
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÔÁËÏÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ:
> pat.uio.no
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: pat.uio.no
Address: 129.240.2.50
úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ × ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ `Non-authoritative
answer:'. üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ named × ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÌ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ Ë ×ÎÅÛÎÉÍ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÍ ÉÍÅÎ, Á ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ĞÒÏÉÚ×ÅÌ ĞÏÉÓË × Ó×ÏÅÍ ËÅÛÅ É ÎÁÛÅÌ ÔÁÍ
ÏÔ×ÅÔ. îÏ ËÅÛÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÅÊ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ×ÁÓ
ÉÎÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÀÔ Ï ÜÔÏÊ (×ÅÓØÍÁ ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ) ÏĞÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅÍ
`Non-authorative answer:'. nslookup ×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ
×Ù ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÁÚ ÚÁĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔÅ Ï ÏÄÎÏÊ É ÔÏÊ ÖÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ -- ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁË ÔÏÇÏ,
ÞÔÏ named ËÅÛÉÒÕÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ É ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ. ÷Ù
ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ nslookup ÄÁ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `exit'.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ×Ù ÚÎÁÅÔÅ ËÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ. ÷ÏÚØÍÉÔÅ ĞÉ×Á, ÍÏÌÏËÁ ÉÌÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ĞÒÅÄĞÏÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ É ÏÔĞÒÁÚÄÎÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ.
ëÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ Ó×ÏÊ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÍÅÎ
äÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÍÙ × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁÞÎÅÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ, Ñ ÈÏÞÕ
ÄÁÔØ ×ÁÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ Ó×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ ËÁË ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ DNS. é ×Ù
ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÄÁÌØÛÅ, ĞÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ĞÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ `ÈÏÔÉÔÅ'
ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÔÏ ×Ù ĞÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ĞÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ
ÅÇÏ. ïÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅÓØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÄÅÌÁÔØ Ó
×ÁÛÉÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ named.conf.
DNS -- ÜÔÏ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ. ÷ÅÒÛÉÎÁ ÚÁĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË `.'
É ĞÒÏÉÚÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ ËÁË `root (ËÏÒÅÎØ)'. ÷ . ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
äÏÍÅÎÏ× ×ÅÒÈÎÅÇÏ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ (Top Level Domains, TLDs), ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÍÉ ÉÚ
ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ORG, COM, EDU É NET, ÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÉÈ ÎÁÍÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ.
ðÒÉ ĞÏÉÓËÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÚÁĞÒÏÓ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÅËÕÒÓÉ×ÎÏ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó
ËÏÒÎÑ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ prep.ai.mit.edu, ÔÏ ×ÁÛ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ edu. ïÎ
ÚÁĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ (.) (ÏÎ ÕÖÅ ÚÎÁÅÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÅ .
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ -- ÏÎÉ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ × ÆÁÊÌÅ root.hints), ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
. ÄÁÅÔ ÓĞÉÓÏË ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× edu:
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> server c.root-servers.net.
Default Server: c.root-servers.net
Address: 192.33.4.12
> set q=ns
> edu.
. ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÁ, ÏÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ
ÚÁĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÍ Ï edu ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÍÓÑ ĞÒÑÍÏ ĞÏÄ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ . (ÜÔÏ
ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ĞÏÉÓË).
edu nameserver = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.112.36.4
üÔÏ ÄÁÅÔ ÎÁÍ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ *.root-servers.net ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÔ
edu., ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ĞÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÔØ ÏĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ c. ôÅĞÅÒØ ÍÙ
ÈÏÔÉÍ ÚÎÁÔØ ËÔÏ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ: mit.edu.:
> mit.edu.
Server: c.root-servers.net
Address: 192.33.4.12
Non-authoritative answer:
mit.edu nameserver = W20NS.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = BITSY.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = STRAWB.mit.edu
Authoritative answers can be found from:
W20NS.mit.edu internet address = 18.70.0.160
BITSY.mit.edu internet address = 18.72.0.3
STRAWB.mit.edu internet address = 18.71.0.151
steawb, w20ns É bitsy ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÔ mit, ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ
ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ É ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔÅ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ai.mit.edu:
> server W20NS.mit.edu.
Server: W20NS.mit.edu
Address: 18.70.0.160
> ai.mit.edu.
Server: W20NS.mit.edu
Address: 18.70.0.160
Non-authoritative answer:
ai.mit.edu nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
Authoritative answers can be found from:
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.5
GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.36.4
TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.37.6
MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.39.7
LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.80
BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.22
MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.54.11
COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.38.22
MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU internet address = 18.26.0.36
ôÁË ÞÔÏ museli.ai.mit.edu Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ
ai.mit.edu:
> server MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Default Server: MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Address: 128.52.39.7
ôÅĞÅÒØ Ñ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌ ÔÉĞ ÚÁĞÒÏÓÁ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÍÙ ÎÁÛÌÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ É ÍÏÖÅÍ
ÏĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÈÏÔÉÍ ÚÎÁÔØ Ï prep.ai.mit.edu.
> set q=any
> prep.ai.mit.edu.
Server: MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Address: 128.52.39.7
prep.ai.mit.edu CPU = dec/decstation-5000.25 OS = unix
prep.ai.mit.edu
inet address = 18.159.0.42, protocol = tcp
ftp telnet smtp finger
prep.ai.mit.edu preference = 1, mail exchanger = gnu-life.ai.mit.edu
prep.ai.mit.edu internet address = 18.159.0.42
ai.mit.edu nameserver = beet-chex.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = trix.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = muesli.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = count-chocula.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = mintaka.lcs.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = life.ai.mit.edu
gnu-life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.60
beet-chex.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.22
alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.5
mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.54.11
trix.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.37.6
muesli.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.39.7
count-chocula.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.38.22
mintaka.lcs.mit.edu internet address = 18.26.0.36
life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.80
ôÁË ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ ÏÔ ËÏÒÎÑ ., ÍÙ ÎÁÛÌÉ ÎÕÖÎÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ
ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÈ × ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ. åÓÌÉ ÂÙ ×Ù ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ÔÏ ×ÁÛ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ ËÅÛÉÒÏ×ÁÌ ÂÙ ×ÓÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÏÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
ĞÒÏÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ĞÕÔÉ, É ÔÏÇÄÁ ÂÙ ÏÎ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÚÁĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÌ ÜÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ
ĞÒÉ ĞÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÍ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÉ.
íÅÎÅÅ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÍÙÍ, ÎÏ ×ÓÅ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ×ÁÖÎÙÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÍÅÎ
in-addr.arpa. ïÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÞÅÓËÕÀ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÕ, ĞÏÄÏÂÎÏ
`ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ' ÄÏÍÅÎÁÍ. in-addr.arpa ĞÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÎÁÍ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ĞÏ
ÅÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ. îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ip-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ in-addr.arpa
ÚÁĞÉÓÁÎÙ × ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÍ ĞÏÒÑÄËÅ. îÁĞÒÉÍÅÒ, åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ:
192.128.52.43, ÔÏ named ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ ÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË × ĞÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÄÌÑ
prep.ai.mit.edu: ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ arpa.. îÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ in-addr.arpa., ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ 192.in-addr.arpa., ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ 128.192.in-addr.arpa., ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ
52.128.192.in-addr.arpa.. á ĞÏÔÏÍ ÕÖÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ Ï
43.52.128.192.in-addr.arpa. ìÏ×ËÏ? (ÓËÁÖÉÔÅ 'ÄÁ'). èÏÔÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÊ
ĞÏÒÑÄÏË ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÍÕÝÁÔØ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ĞÅÒ×ÙÅ Ä×Á ÇÏÄÁ.
ñ ×ÁÍ ÓÏÌÇÁÌ. DNS ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁË, ËÁË Ñ ÜÔÏ ÏĞÉÓÁÌ. îÏ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÌÉÚËÏ Ë ÏĞÉÓÁÎÎÏÍÕ ĞÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÉÍ ÎÁÛ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÍÅÎ. íÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÏÍÅÎ linux.bogus É ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÉÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ × ÎÅÍ. ñ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÀ ĞÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ĞÏÄÄÅÌØÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÔØ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÎÙÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÎÅ ĞÏÂÅÓĞÏËÏÉÍ ÎÉËÏÇÏ ×Ï ×ÎÅÛÎÅÍ ÍÉÒÅ.
ïÄÎÏ ×ÁÖÎÏÅ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÍÙ ÎÁÞÎÅÍ: îÅ ×ÓÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ. íÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÍÓÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÏÇÏ ÁÌÆÁ×ÉÔÁ:
a-z, ÃÉÆÒÁÍÉ: 0-9 É ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ '-' (ÔÉÒÅ). ðÒÉÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÊÔÅÓØ ÓÉĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ
ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×. ðÒÏĞÉÓÎÙÅ É ÓÔÒÏÞÎÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ DNS, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
pat.uio.no Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ Pat.UiO.No.
íÙ ÕÖÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÉ ÜÔÕ ÞÁÓÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ × named.conf:
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ `.' × ËÏÎÃÅ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ. üÔÏ
ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ ÚÏÎÕ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,
É ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÅ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ,
ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÏÍ pz/127.0.0. íÙ ÕÖÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, × ÎÅÍ ÚÁĞÉÓÁÎÏ:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR localhost.
úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ `.' × ËÏÎÃÅ ĞÏÌÎÙÈ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÜÔÏÍ
ÆÁÊÌÅ, × ĞÒÏÔÉ×ÏĞÏÌÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙÛÅĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÍÕ ÆÁÊÌÕ
named.conf. îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÌÀÂÑÔ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎ Ó ÄÉÒÅËÔÉ×Ù
$ORIGIN, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚÌÉÛÎÉÍ. òÁÓĞÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ (origin) (ÍÅÓÔÏ
ÚÏÎÙ × ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ DNS) ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÚÏÎ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
named.conf, × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.
üÔÏÔ `ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ' ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ 3 `ÚÁĞÉÓÉ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× (resource records)'
(RRs): A SOA RR, A NS RR É PTR RR. SOA ÜÔÏ
ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ îÁÞÁÌÁ ðÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÊ (Start Of Authority). óÉÍ×ÏÌ `@' ÜÔÏ
ÓĞÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÓĞÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ, É ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ × ËÏÌÏÎËÅ `ÄÏÍÅÎ
(domain)' ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÁĞÉÓÁÎÏ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÔÏ ĞÅÒ×ÁÑ
ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN SOA ...
NS ÜÔÏ RR ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ (Name Server). ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ '@' ÎÅ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÜÔÏ ĞÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ĞÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÌÁÓØ Ó ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ '@'. üÔÏ ÓßÜËÏÎÏÍÉÔ ÎÁÍ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÊ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÁ NS × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN NS ns.linux.bogus
üÔÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ DNS, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÜÔÏ ns.linux.bogus. 'ns' ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ
ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ, ÎÏ ËÁË É ÄÌÑ web-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ÞØÉÍ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ www.ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ, ÄÁÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÙÍ.
é × × ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÅ - ÚÁĞÉÓØ PTR ÇÌÁÓÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 1 × ĞÏÄÓÅÔÉ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÎÁĞÒÉÍÅÒ, 127.0.0.1 ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ localhost.
úÁĞÉÓØ SOA ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ĞÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ, É ÏÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ĞÅÒ×ÏÊ ÚÁĞÉÓØÀ × ÆÁÊÌÅ. ïÎÁ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÚÏÎÕ -- ÏÔËÕÄÁ ÏÎÁ ĞÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
(ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ns.linux.bogus), ËÔÏ ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÚÁ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÚÏÎÙ (hostmaster@linux.bogus), ËÁËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ
ÔÅËÕÝÁÑ (serial: 1), É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ É
×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× DNS. äÌÑ ĞÏÌÅÊ refresh, retry, expire É minimum
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÞÉÓÌÁ ĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÅ × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ É ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ×
ÂÅÚÏĞÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ÉÈ.
úÁÔÅÍ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔÅ ×ÁÛ named (ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ndc restart) É ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ nslookup ÄÌÑ ĞÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ:
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> 127.0.0.1
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Name: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
localhost ÉÚ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ 127.0.0.1, ÜÔÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ. ôÅĞÅÒØ ĞÒÉÓÔÕĞÉÍ Ë ÎÁÛÅÊ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ
ÚÁÄÁÞÅ, ÄÏÍÅÎÕ linux.bogus, ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ '(zone)' × ÆÁÊÌ
named.conf:
zone "linux.bogus" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/linux.bogus";
};
úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÏĞÑÔØ ÎÅ ÎÁĞÉÓÁÌÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÁÀÝÉÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ `.' × ÉÍÅÎÉ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.conf.
÷ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÚÏÎÙ linux.bogus ÍÙ ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ĞÏÄÄÅÌØÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ:
;
; æÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÌÑ linux.bogus
;
; ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
;
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
NS ns ; Internet ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; äÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
;
localhost A 127.0.0.1
ns A 192.168.196.2
mail A 192.168.196.4
îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕĞÏÍÑÎÕÔØ Ä×Å ×ÅÝÉ Ï ÚÁĞÉÓÉ SOA. ns.linux.bogus ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ Ó ÚÁĞÉÓØÀ A. îÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÔØ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÚÁĞÉÓØÀ CNAME × ÚÁĞÉÓÉ SOA. üÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ `ns', ÏÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÙÍ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ. äÁÌÅÅ, hostmaster.linux.bogus ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÞÉÔÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË hostmaster@linux.bogus, ÜÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ĞÓÅ×ÄÏÎÉÍ ÉÌÉ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÑÝÉË ÄÌÑ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ DNS É ÞÉÔÁÀÝÅÇÏ ĞÏÞÔÕ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ. ìÀÂÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÁ, ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ĞÏÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙÊ ÚÄÅÓØ. éÍÑ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔ `hostmaster', ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÏÊ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÙ, ÎÏ ÁÄÒÅÓ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ `hostmaster' ËÁË ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.
÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎ ÅÝÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÔÉĞ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ Ï ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÈ (RR) --
MX, ÉÌÉ ÚÁĞÉÓØ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁ ðÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ óÅÒ×ÅÒ (Mail eXchanger). ïÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ
ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ËÕÄÁ ĞÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ĞÏÞÔÕ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ someone@linux.bogus,
Á ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÍ mail.linux.bogus ÉÌÉ mail.friend.bogus. þÉÓÌÏ
ĞÅÒÅÄ ËÁÖÄÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ -- ÜÔÏ ĞÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ MX RR. úÁĞÉÓØ
ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁ Ó ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ (10) -- ÜÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ËÕÄÁ ĞÏÞÔÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ĞÏÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ × ĞÅÒ×ÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ. åÓÌÉ ĞÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÏÛÉÂËÁ, ÔÏ ĞÏÞÔÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
ĞÏÓÌÁÎÁ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ, ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÍÕ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÏÍÕ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ,
ÎÁĞÒÉÍÅÒ, mail.friend.bogus ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ĞÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ
ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 20.
ðÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔÅ named Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ndc restart. ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ nslookup:
$ nslookup
> set q=any
> linux.bogus
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
linux.bogus
origin = ns.linux.bogus
mail addr = hostmaster.linux.bogus
serial = 199802151
refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
retry = 7200 (2 hours)
expire = 604800 (7 days)
minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.friend.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
ns.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.2
mail.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.4
ðÒÉ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ ÏÛÉÂËÕ. óÔÒÏËÁ
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus
ñ ÓÏÚÎÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌ ÏÛÉÂËÕ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÓÍÏÇÌÉ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏĞÙÔ --:-) çÌÑÄÑ × ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÍÙ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
linux.bogus.linux.bogus. ôÁË ÚÁĞÉÓØ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 10 mail ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
.' ÉÌÉ ÄÏÍÅÎ ÎÅ
ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ, × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ĞÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÏÍÅÎÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÅËÕÝÅÅ
ÒÁÓĞÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ (origin) ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.
ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ĞÏÄÞÅÒËÎÕÔØ, ÞÔÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.conf ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ
`.' ĞÏÓÌÅ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ×. õ ×ÁÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÅ ÂÙÔØ ĞÏÎÑÔÉÑ ĞÒÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ
`.' -- ÜÔÏ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÌÉ ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÒÅÄËÏ ÚÁĞÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ
×ÅÝÉ É ÓÍÕÝÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÌÀÄÅÊ.
ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÏĞÉÒÁÑÓØ ÎÁ ÍÏÀ ÔÏÞËÕ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÍÙ ÎÁĞÉÛÅÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ, Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÄÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.
;
; æÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÌÑ linux.bogus
;
; ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
;
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
NS ns ; Internet ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ
NS ns.friend.bogus.
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; äÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
localhost A 127.0.0.1
gw A 192.168.196.1
HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
TXT "The router"
ns A 192.168.196.2
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
www CNAME ns
donald A 192.168.196.3
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "i486" "Linux 2.0"
TXT "DEK"
mail A 192.168.196.4
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.2"
ftp A 192.168.196.5
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
úÄÅÓØ ĞÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÚÁĞÉÓÅÊ Ï ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÈ (RR): ÚÁĞÉÓØ HINFO (éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ, Host INFOrmation) ÉÍÅÅÔ Ä×Å ÞÁÓÔÉ, ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ĞÒÉ×ÙÞËÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÞÁÓÔÅÊ × ËÁ×ÙÞËÉ. ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ -- ÜÔÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, Á ×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓĞÅÞÅÎÉÅ É ÏĞÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ. íÁÛÉÎÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÁÑ 'ns', ÉÍÅÅÔ ĞÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ Pentium É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ĞÏÄ ÕĞÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ Linux 2.0. CNAME (ëÁÎÏÎÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÉÍÑ, Canonical NAME) -- ÜÔÏ ÓĞÏÓÏ ĞÒÉÓ×ÏÉÔØ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÉÍÅÎ. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ www Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÁÌÉÁÓÏÍ ÄÌÑ ns.
éÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ CNAME Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÎÅÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÙÍ. îÏ ÂÅÚÏĞÁÓÎÙÍ ÓĞÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÕ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ MX, CNAME ÉÌÉ SOA ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÑ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÅ ËÁË ÚÁĞÉÓØ CNAME, ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÑ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÚÁĞÉÓØÀ A, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÅĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÚÁĞÉÓÁÔØ
foobar CNAME www ; NO!
foobar CNAME ns ; Yes!
ôÁËÖÅ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁĞÉÓØ CNAME ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÁÄÒÅÓÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÙ: ÁÄÒÅÓ
webmaster@www.linux.bogus Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ
ĞÏÞÔÙ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÙ ×Ï
×ÎÅÛÎÅÍ ÍÉÒÅ ÓÌÅÄÑÔ ÚÁ ÍÏÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÅÍ ÜÔÏÇÏ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÁ, ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÓÅ
ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÚÁĞÉÓØ A (É
×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ, ÔÁËÉÅ ËÁË MX) ×ÍÅÓÔÏ:
www A 192.168.196.2
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ bind (arch-bind-wizards), ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀÔ ÎÅ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÁĞÉÓØ CNAME. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÅÅ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒØÅÚÎÏ.
îÏ ËÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÕ.
úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÂÁÚÕ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÉ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ndc reload, ÜÔÏ
ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ named ĞÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ ÚÁÎÏ×Ï.
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> ls -d linux.bogus
üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ×ÓÅ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÄÏÍÅÎÅ. ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:
[localhost]
$ORIGIN linux.bogus.
@ 1D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
1D IN NS ns
1D IN NS ns.friend.bogus.
1D IN TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
gw 1D IN A 192.168.196.1
1D IN HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
1D IN TXT "The router"
mail 1D IN A 192.168.196.4
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.0.9"
localhost 1D IN A 127.0.0.1
www 1D IN CNAME ns
donald 1D IN A 192.168.196.3
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "i486" "Linux 1.2"
1D IN TXT "DEK"
ftp 1D IN A 192.168.196.5
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "P6" "Linux 1.3.59"
ns 1D IN A 192.168.196.2
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 1.2"
@ 1D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
üÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ. ëÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ĞÏÞÔÉ ËÁË ÓÁÍ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ. ôÅĞÅÒØ ĞÒÏ×ÅÒÉÍ ËÁËÏÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ www:
> set q=any
> www.linux.bogus.
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
www.linux.bogus canonical name = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
ns.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.2
äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÄÌÑ www.linux.bogus Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
ns.linux.bogus, É ÏÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ns,
ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÁÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ Ó ÎÅÊ.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ÍÙ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÍÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÅÒÅÄÉÎÅ ĞÕÔÉ.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ linux.bogus × ÁÄÒÅÓÁ, ĞÏ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ Ó×ÑÚÁÔØÓÑ Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÍÉ. îÏ ÔÁËÖÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÁÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ DNS ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ. üÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÙÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÒÏÄÁ (FTP, IRC, WWW É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ) ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÒÅÛÉÔØ, ÈÏÔÑÔ ÌÉ ÏÎÉ Ó ×ÁÍÉ ÏÂÝÁÔØÓÑ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÔ, É ÄÁÖÅ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ËÁËÏÊ ĞÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÄÁÔØ. ïÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ĞÏÌÎÏÇÏ ÄÏÓÔÕĞÁ Ë ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÁÍ × Internet.
ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ named.conf:
zone "196.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/192.168.196";
};
üÔÉ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ĞÏÈÏÖÉ ÎÁ ÏĞÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÚÏÎÙ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, Á ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; Serial, todays date + todays serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR gw.linux.bogus.
2 PTR ns.linux.bogus.
3 PTR donald.linux.bogus.
4 PTR mail.linux.bogus.
5 PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
ôÅĞÅÒØ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔÅ ×ÁÛ named (ndc restart) É ÓÎÏ×Á ĞÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÅÇÏ
ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ nslookup:
> 192.168.196.4 Server: localhost Address: 127.0.0.1 Name: mail.linux.bogus Address: 192.168.196.4
ÔÁË, ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ, ÔÅĞÅÒØ ×ÙÄÁÊÔÅ ĞÏÌÎÙÊ ÓĞÉÓÏË ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ĞÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ:
> ls -d 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa
[localhost]
$ORIGIN 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
@ 1D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
1D IN NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 1D IN PTR gw.linux.bogus.
2 1D IN PTR ns.linux.bogus.
3 1D IN PTR donald.linux.bogus.
4 1D IN PTR mail.linux.bogus.
5 1D IN PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
@ 1D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
÷ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ!
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÅÝÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÚÄÅÓØ. óÅÔÅ×ÙÅ
ÁÄÒÅÓÁ, ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ×ÚÑÔÙ ÉÚ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÂÌÏËÏ× 'ÌÉÞÎÙÈ (private) ÓÅÔÅÊ',
ÉÈ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ĞÕÂÌÉÞÎÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × internet. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÉÈ
ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓĞÏËÏÊÎÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ËÁË ĞÒÉÍÅÒ × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ. ÷ÔÏÒÁÑ ×ÅÝØ ÜÔÏ
ÓÔÒÏËÁ notify no;. ïÎÁ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ named ÎÅ ÉÚ×ÅÝÁÔØ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÅ
(×ÅÄÏÍÙÅ) ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ. ÷ bind-8, named
ÍÏÖÅÔ Õ×ÅÄÏÍÌÑÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ × ÚÁĞÉÓÑÈ NS × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ ÚÏÎ,
ËÏÇÄÁ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ. üÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÜËÓĞÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÏ× Ó ÚÏÎÁÍÉ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÍÙ ÖÅ ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÛ ÜËÓĞÅÒÉÍÅÎÔ ÚÁÇÒÑÚÎÑÌ internet?
é ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÆÉËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ×ÓÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÎÅÍ. äÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÇÏ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÁ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.
íÙ ÚÄÅÓØ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÉÍ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ
ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ĞÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Ñ ×ËÌÀÞÉÌ ĞÒÉÍÅÒ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ËÁË ÕÞÅÂÎÏÅ ĞÏÓÏÂÉÅ.
ñ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÀ ÜÔÏÔ ĞÒÉÍÅÒ Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ David Bullock ÉÚ LAND-5. üÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Ñ×ÌÑÌÁÓØ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÎÁ 24 óÅÎÔÑÂÒÑ 1996 ÇÏÄÁ, É ÂÙÌÉ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÍÎÏÀ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÁÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÁ bind-8 É ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÉ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁ× ÚÁĞÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ LAND-5.
úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÍ Ä×Á ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ÚÏÎ ÄÌÑ Ä×ÕÈ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÈ
ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÈ ÚÏÎ: ÄÌÑ ÓÅÔÉ 127.0.0, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ LAND-5 Ó ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ
206.6.177. á ÚÁĞÉÓÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ
land-5.com. ôÁËÖÅ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ
ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÏÊ pz, ËÁË Ñ ÄÅÌÁÌ ÚÄÅÓØ ÄÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒ ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÌ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ×
ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÀ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÕÀ zone.
// úÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ LAND-5
options {
directory "/var/named";
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "zone/127.0.0";
};
zone "land-5.com" {
type master;
file "zone/land-5.com";
};
zone "177.6.206.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "zone/206.6.177";
};
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÜÔÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
ĞÏÜËÓĞÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÎÉÍÉ, ÔÏ ðïöáìõêóôá ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ notify
no; × ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÚÏÎ, ĞÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÈ land-5, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÉÎÃÉÄÅÎÔÏ×.
úÁĞÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ĞÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙÍ, É ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÏÄÎÏÇ ÉÚ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÚÄÅÓØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÉÍÉ. ÷ÁÍ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÆÁÊÌ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÊ ĞÅÒÅÄ ÜÔÉÍ ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ dig, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÌÏÓØ ÒÁÎÅÅ.
; <<>> DiG 8.1 <<>> @A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 10 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 13 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; ., type = NS, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: . 6D IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.112.36.4 J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.10 K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 193.0.14.129 L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.32.64.12 M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 202.12.27.33 A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.4 H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.63.2.53 B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.9.0.107 C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.33.4.12 D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.8.10.90 E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.203.230.10 I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.36.148.17 F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.5.5.241 ;; Total query time: 215 msec ;; FROM: roke.uio.no to SERVER: A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 198.41.0.4 ;; WHEN: Sun Feb 15 01:22:51 1998 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 17 rcvd: 436
ëÁË ÏÓÎÏ×Á ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ÚÁĞÉÓÑÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÚÁĞÉÓØ SOA, É ÚÁĞÉÓØ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
ÏÂßÑ×ÌÑÅÔ 127.0.0.1 ËÁË localhost. ôÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÏÂÅ ÜÔÉ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ. âÏÌØÛÅ
ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ. åÇÏ ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ, ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ĞÏÒ ĞÏËÁ ÎÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÓÑ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÉÌÉ
ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ (hostmaster).
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609203 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
7200 ; Retry
604800 ; Expire
86400) ; Minimum TTL
NS land-5.com.
1 PTR localhost.
úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ Õ×ÉÄÉÍ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÚÁĞÉÓØ SOA, É ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ NS. íÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ×ÉÄÅÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÄÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÒÁÓĞÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÊ ĞÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ ns2.psi.net. ÷ÓÅÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÚÁ ĞÒÅÄÅÌÁÍÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÒÅÚÅÒ×Á. íÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÍ ×ÉÄÅÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ land-5, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Å ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ× Internet, ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ CNAME (ËÁË ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×Á ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÚÁĞÉÓÅÊ A).
ëÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÉÚ ÚÁĞÉÓÉ SOA, ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÒÁÓĞÏÌÏÖÅÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ land-5.com,
ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÌÉÃÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ root@land-5.com. hostmaster -- ÜÔÏ
ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÄÌÑ ÏÔ×ÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ ÜÔÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ.
óÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÚÁĞÉÓÁÎ × ĞÒÉ×ÙÞÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ yyyymmdd É ÄÏĞÏÌÎÅÎ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÍ
ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ; ÜÔÏ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 6-Ñ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ ÎÁ 20 ÓÅÎÔÑÂÒÑ
1996. ðÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÍÏÎÏÔÏÎÎÏ,
ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÃÉÆÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
ĞÏÓÌÅ 9 ĞÏĞÒÁ×ÏË ÍÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÖÄÁÔØ ÚÁ×ÔÒÁÛÎÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÄÁÌØÛÅ
ĞÒÏÄÏÌÖÉÔØ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ. òÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ä×ÕÈ ÃÉÆÒ ÄÌÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÏÄÎÏÊ.
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609206 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
NS land-5.com.
NS ns2.psi.net.
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
localhost A 127.0.0.1
router A 206.6.177.1
land-5.com. A 206.6.177.2
ns A 206.6.177.3
www A 207.159.141.192
ftp CNAME land-5.com.
mail CNAME land-5.com.
news CNAME land-5.com.
funn A 206.6.177.2
@ TXT "LAND-5 Corporation"
;
; òÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ
;
ws-177200 A 206.6.177.200
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177201 A 206.6.177.201
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177202 A 206.6.177.202
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177203 A 206.6.177.203
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177204 A 206.6.177.204
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177205 A 206.6.177.205
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
; {ÍÎÏÇÏ ĞÏ×ÔÏÒÑÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÊ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÏ}
ws-177250 A 206.6.177.250
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177251 A 206.6.177.251
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177252 A 206.6.177.252
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177253 A 206.6.177.253
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177254 A 206.6.177.254
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ĞÏÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ land-5, ÔÏ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÎÁ
ÍÁÛÉÎ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÆÏÒÍÕ ws_ÎÏÍÅÒ. ó ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ bind 4 named
ÎÁÞÁÌ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÔÏ, ËÁËÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ
ÍÁÛÉÎ. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÂÙÌÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ó bind-8, É Ñ ĞÏÄÓÔÁ×ÉÌ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ '-'
(ÔÉÒÅ) ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ '_' (ĞÏÄÞÅÒËÉ×ÁÎÉÅ).
äÒÕÇÁÑ ×ÅÝØ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÜÔÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÉÍÅÎ, Á ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÔ ÉÚ ĞÒÅÆÉËÓÁ ÚÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ 2 ĞÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÉÚ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ. éÓĞÏÌØÚÕÑ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕĞÒÏÓÔÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ĞÏ ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÅÚÌÉÞÎÏ É × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏÍ ÎÅÄÏ×ÏÌØÓÔ×Á ÓÏ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ×ÁÛÉÈ ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ×.
íÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÉÄÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ funn.land-5.com ÜÔÏ ÁÌÉÁÓ ÄÌÑ land-5.com, ÎÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁĞÉÓØ A, Á ÎÅ ÚÁĞÉÓØ CNAME.
ñ ĞÒÏËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÀ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ĞÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÌÉÓÔÉÎÇÁ.
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609206 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
7200 ; Retry
604800 ; Expire
86400) ; Minimum TTL
NS land-5.com.
NS ns2.psi.net.
;
; Servers
;
1 PTR router.land-5.com.
2 PTR land-5.com.
2 PTR funn.land-5.com.
;
; òÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ
;
200 PTR ws-177200.land-5.com.
201 PTR ws-177201.land-5.com.
202 PTR ws-177202.land-5.com.
203 PTR ws-177203.land-5.com.
204 PTR ws-177204.land-5.com.
205 PTR ws-177205.land-5.com.
; {ÍÎÏÇÏ ĞÏ×ÔÏÒÑÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÊ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÏ}
250 PTR ws-177250.land-5.com.
251 PTR ws-177251.land-5.com.
252 PTR ws-177252.land-5.com.
253 PTR ws-177253.land-5.com.
254 PTR ws-177254.land-5.com.
ïÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÊ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ËÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÓĞÏÓÏÂÎÏÊ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÇÏÒÅ (ĞÅÞÁÌØ, grief). ïÎÁ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ĞÏ ÅÅ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÕ. ðÒÉÍÅÒ: Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ É ÏÎ ĞÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ IRC-ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ×. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÏÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × îÏÒ×ÅÇÉÉ É ÈÏÞÅÔ ĞÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÔ ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ× ÉÚ îÏÒ×ÅÇÉÉ É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓËÁÎÄÉÎÁ×ÓËÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎ. ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÅÔÅÓØ Ó ËÌÉÅÎÔÏÍ, ÔÏ Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ ÑÚÙËÁ ó ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÀÝÅÊÓÑ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ĞÁËÅÔÁÈ, ĞÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ĞÏ ÓÅÔÉ. ôÅĞÅÒØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÕÀ gethostbyaddr, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÝÅÔ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ĞÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÍÕ IP-ÎÏÍÅÒÕ. Gethostbyaddr ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÉÔ ĞÏÉÓË ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ × DNS. äÏĞÕÓÔÉÍ ËÌÉÅÎÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ws-177200.land-5.com. IP-ÎÏÍÅÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ C ĞÅÒÅÄÁÅÔ IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÒÁ×ÅÎ 206.6.177.200. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÎÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÄÏÍÅÎ 200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa. DNS-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ arpa., ÚÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ in-addr.arpa., ÓÌÅÄÕÑ ÄÁÌØÛÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÇÒÕĞĞÙ 206, ÚÁÔÅÍ 6 É × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÄÌÑ ÚÏÎÙ 177.6.206.in-addr.arpa × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ land-5. ïÔ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÏÎ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ÍÏÖÅÔ ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ 200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa Õ ÎÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÚÁĞÉÓØ 'PTR ws-177200.land-5.com', ÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÁÑ ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 206.6.177.200 ÒÁ×ÎÏ ws-177200.land-5.com. ëÁË É ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÍÙ ÉÓËÁÌÉ prep.ai.mit.edu, ÜÔÏÔ ĞÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÍÙÛÌÅÎ.
÷ÅÒÎÅÍÓÑ Ë ÎÁÛÅÍÕ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÕ Ó IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ. IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ĞÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÉÚ ÓËÁÎÄÉÎÁ×ÓËÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎ, ÎÁĞÒÉÍÅÒ, *.no, *.se, *.dk, ÉÍÑ ws-177200.land-5.com Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÕ É ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÚÁĞÒÅÔÉÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ. åÓÌÉ ÂÙ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÍÁĞÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ 206.2.177.200 Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ÚÏÎÙ in-addr.arpa, ÔÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÇ ÂÙ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÌ ÂÙ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉ×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ 206.2.177.200 Ó ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÍÁÓËÁÍÉ --*.no, *.se É *.dk, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÓËÁÖÕÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× ×ÁÖÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, É ÎÅ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ. üÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË: ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ftp, news, IRC É ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ http (WWW) ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÎÅ ĞÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ ÍÁÛÉÎ ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÎÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÍÁÛÉÎ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍ.
óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ × ÒÁÂÏÞÅÍ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ.
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ĞÏ ÓÏĞÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ named, ËÒÏÍÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÑ
ÅÇÏ ÚÁĞÕÝÅÎÎÙÍ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ. üÔÏ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ root.hints. îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ
ÌÅÇËÉÊ ĞÕÔØ -- ÜÔÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ĞÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ dig. óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔÅ dig ÂÅÚ
ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ× É ×Ù ĞÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÔÊ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÍ.
úÁÔÅÍ ÚÁĞÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ×ÙĞÏÌÎÉ×
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ dig @rootserver. ÷Ù ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ
ÕÖÁÓÎÏ ĞÏÈÏÖÅ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints. óÏÈÒÁÎÉÔÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌ (Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ dig
@e.root-servers.net . ns >root.hints.new) É ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÉÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ
root.hints.
ðÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓÔÉÔØ named ĞÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÍÅÎÙ ÆÁÊÌÁ.
Al Longyear ĞÏÓÌÁÌ ÍÎÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉĞÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ
ÚÁĞÕÝÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints, ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÚÁĞÉÓØ ×
crontab ÄÌÑ ÚÁĞÕÓËÁ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ É ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ ĞÒÏ ÎÅÇÏ. ÷ ÓËÒÉĞÔÅ
ĞÒÅÄĞÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ É ÞÔÏ ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÅÎ ĞÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ
ÁÌÉÁÓ `hostmaster'. ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ĞÏÄĞÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉĞÔ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ×ÁÛÉÍ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍ.
#!/bin/sh # # ïÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ËÅÛÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ. # ïÎ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁĞÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ cron. # ( echo "To: hostmaster <hostmaster>" echo "From: system <root>" echo "Subject: Automatic update of the named.conf file" echo export PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin: cd /var/named dig @rs.internic.net . ns >root.hints.new echo "The named.conf file has been updated to contain the following information:" echo cat root.hints.new chown root.root root.hints.new chmod 444 root.hints.new rm -f root.hints.old mv root.hints root.hints.old mv root.hints.new root.hints ndc restart echo echo "The nameserver has been restarted to ensure that the update is complete." echo "The previous root.hints file is now called /var/named/root.hints.old." ) 2>&1 | /usr/lib/sendmail -t exit 0
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ×ÁÓ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÓÔÕĞÅÎ ĞÏ ftp Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ Internic. ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÎÅ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ftp ÄÌÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ root.hints, ×ÙÛÅĞÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÒÕÖÅÌÀÂÅÎ ĞÏ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÀ Ë ÓÅÔÉ.
òÁÎØÛÅ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ï ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ bind 8, ÎÁĞÉÓÁÎÎÙÊ David E. Smith (dave@bureau42.ml.org). ñ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌ ÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.
÷ ÎÅÍ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ. úÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ named.conf ×ÍÅÓÔÏ named.boot, ×ÓÅ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ ÔÏÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ. é bind8 ĞÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏ ÓËÒÉĞÔÏÍ ÎÁ perl, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ĞÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÓÏ ÓÔÁÒÙÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÏÍ × ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÏÍ. ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÁ named.boot (ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÓÔÉÌØ) ÄÌÑ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ:
directory /var/named cache . root.hints primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA 127.0.0.zone primary localhost localhost.zone
./named-bootconf.pl < named.boot > named.conf
// generated by named-bootconf.pl
options {
directory "/var/named";
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
type master;
file "127.0.0.zone";
};
zone "localhost" {
type master;
file "localhost.zone";
};
üÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉĞÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÇÌÏ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁĞÉÓÁÎÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.boot, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ×ÓÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ É ÏĞÃÉÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × bind8. úÄÅÓØ Ñ ĞÒÉ×ÅÄÕ ÂÏÌÅÅ ĞÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÔÅ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ÎÏ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏ.
// üÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ named (ÄÌÑ BIND 8.1 ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ ĞÏÚÄÎÉÈ).
// ïÎ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË /etc/named.conf.
// ïÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ `ÛÁÂÌÏÎÎÏÇÏ' ÆÁÊÌÁ named.conf (ËÒÏÍÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÑ :)
// × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÁ <tt/directory/ ÒÁÚËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ, ĞÏÓËÏÌØËÕ
// Õ ÍÅÎÑ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ /var/named.
options {
directory "/var/named";
check-names master warn; /* ĞÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ */
datasize 20M;
};
zone "localhost" IN {
type master;
file "localhost.zone";
check-names fail;
allow-update { none; };
allow-transfer { any; };
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "127.0.0.zone";
check-names fail;
allow-update { none; };
allow-transfer { any; };
};
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
bind8/src/bin/named/test ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ËÏĞÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ĞÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ É ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÂÙÓÔÒÏÇÏ ÓÔÁÒÔÁ Ó ÎÕÌÑ.
æÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ É ÆÁÊÌÏ× root.hints ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Ù, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÈ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.
ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÓÏÂÅÒÅÔÅÓØ ĞÉÓÁÔØ ÍÎÅ Ï ÞÅÍ ÌÉÂÏ.
÷Ù ĞÒÏÞÉÔÁÌÉ ÎÅĞÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ HOWTO. ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÔÁÒÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏĞÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ bind 4. åÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ĞÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/
îÁÂÏÒ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏ×: `forwarders', `slave', Á ÔÁËÖÅ ĞÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓĞÉÓÏË ÌÉÔÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ × ËÏÎÃÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.
óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÚÁĞÉÓÅÊ A ÄÌÑ www.busy.site É ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4.9.3 ÉÌÉ ÓÔÁÒÛÅ. ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ bind ĞÒÉ ÏÔ×ÅÔÁÈ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÍÅÝÁÔØÓÑ ĞÏ ËÒÕÇÕ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ. üÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÍÉ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÍÉ bind.
÷ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕÂÒÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints É ĞÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ. üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ÅÇÏ.
åÓÌÉ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ/×ÅÄÕÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ 127.0.0.1, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ĞÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ named.conf ÄÏĞÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ:
zone "linux.bogus" {
type slave;
file "sz/linux.bogus";
masters { 127.0.0.1; };
};
masters,
ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÎÁËÏÍ ';' (ÔÏÞËÁ Ó ÚÁĞÑÔÏÊ).
åÓÔØ Ä×Á ĞÏÄÈÏÄÁ Ë ÒÅÛÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏÊ ĞÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ:
õ ÍÅÎÑ ÚÁĞÕÝÅÎ named ÎÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ Ó 'Masquerading'. õ ÍÅÎÑ ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÆÁÊÌÁ
root.hints -- ÏÄÉÎ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ root.hints.real, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ
ÓĞÉÓÏË ÉÍÅÎ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× É ×ÔÏÒÏÊ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ root.hints.fake, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ...
----
; root.hints.fake
; ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
----
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÏÔËÌÀÞÁÀÓØ ÏÔ ĞÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ, Ñ ËÏĞÉÒÕÀ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints.fake × ÆÁÊÌ
root.hints É ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓËÁÀ named.
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÓÎÏ×Á ĞÏÄËÌÀÞÁÀÓØ Ë ĞÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ, ÔÏ Ñ ËÏĞÉÒÕÀ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints.real ×
root.hints É ÏĞÑÔØ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓËÁÀ named.
üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÓËÒÉĞÔÏ× ip-down É ip-up ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.
óÎÁÞÁÌÁ Ñ ÄÅÌÁÀ ÚÁĞÒÏÓ ÏÂ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ, Ï ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ named ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ
ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, É ÏÎ ĞÏÍÅÝÁÅÔ ĞÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ messages..
Jan 28 20:10:11 hazchem named[10147]: No root nameserver for class IN
ëÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÍÏÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ. ñ ÍÏÇÕ ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ
ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎ ÏÔ ÓÅÔÉ,
ÂÅÚ ËÁËÉÈ ÌÉÂÏ ÚÁÄÅÒÖÅË ĞÏ ÔÁÊÍ-ÁÕÔÕ ÄÌÑ
×ÎÅÛÎÉÈ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ×, É ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ Ó ×ÎÅÛÎÉÍÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÍÉ,
× ÔÏ × ÒÅÍÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ñ ĞÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎ Ë ÓÅÔÉ.
õ ÍÅÎÑ ÚÁĞÕÝÅÎ named ÎÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ
ĞÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÙ Ë Internet Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ ÍÏÄÅÍÁ. óÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÅÛÉÒÕÅÔ
ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ÏÎ ÎÅ Á×ÔÏÒÉÚÕÅÔ ÎÉËÁËÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ É ÚÁĞÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔ ÏÂÏ ×ÓÅÍ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌÅ root.cache. ëÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ × Slackware, ÏÎ
ÚÁĞÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏ nfsd É mountd.
îÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÍÏÉÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ (ĞÏÒÔÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ËÏÍĞØÀÔÅÒ Libretto 30) Õ ÍÅÎÑ ÂÙÌÁ
ĞÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÔÅÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÍÏÇ ĞÒÉÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ ÄÉÓË Ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ
ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ĞÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÏÊ Ë ÍÏÅÊ ÌÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ, ÎÏ × ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÜÔÁ ÏĞÅÒÁÃÉÑ ÎÅ
ÕÄÁ×ÁÌÏÓØ. õ ÍÅÎÑ ÂÙÌ ÏÄÉÎ É ÔÏÔ ÖÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔ, ×ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ
ÉÓĞÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ PLIP, PCMCIA ethernet ËÁÒÔÙ ÉÌÉ PPP ĞÏ ĞÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ
ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÕ.
ðÏÓÌÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ, ĞÒÏ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÇÏ × ĞÒÅÄĞÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÈ É ÜËÓĞÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÁÈ, Ñ
ÎÁÛÅÌ, ÞÔÏ named ÎÅÓÏÍÎÅÎÎÏ ×ÎÏÓÉÔ ÂÅÓĞÏÒÑÄÏË × ĞÒÏÃÅÓÓ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ nfsd É
mountd, ÞÔÏ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó ĞÏÍÏÝØÀ portmapper ĞÒÉ ÚÁĞÕÓËÅ (Ñ ËÁË ÏÂÙÞÎÏ
ÚÁĞÕÓËÁÀ ÜÔÉ ÄÅÍÏÎÙ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ). úÁĞÕÓË named ĞÏÓÌÅ nfsd É mountd
ĞÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÕÓÔÒÁÎÉÌ ÜÔÕ ĞÒÏÂÌÅÍÕ.
ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÎÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÉËÁËÏÇÏ ÕÝÅÒÂÁ ÏÔ ÔÁËÏÊ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÎÏÊ
ĞÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, ÔÏ Ñ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀ ×ÓÅÍ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË
ÓÄÅÌÁÌ Ñ, ÄÌÑ
ĞÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ĞÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÙÈ ÏÓÌÏÖÎÅÎÉÊ.
ëÅÛ ĞÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ × ĞÁÍÑÔÉ, ÏÎ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÁ ÄÉÓË. ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ĞÒÅËÒÁÝÁÅÔÅ ×ÙĞÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ named ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ËÅÛÁ ÔÅÒÑÅÔÓÑ. ëÅÛ ÎÅ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÎÉ ÏÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÓĞÏÓÏÂÏ×. named ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÅÇÏ, ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ ÎÅËÓËÏÌØËÉÍ ĞÒÏÓÔÙÍ ĞÒÁ×ÉÌÁÍ. ÷Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÅÛ ÉÌÉ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ĞÏ ÌÀÂÙÍ ĞÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ``ÉÓĞÒÁ×ÉÔØ'' ÜÔÏ, ĞÏÄĞÒÁ×É× named. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ.
îÅÔ, named ÎÅ ÓÏÈÒÑÎÑÅÔ ËÅÛ ĞÒÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÉ. üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ËÅÛ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ĞÏÓÔÒÏÅÎ ÚÁÎÏ×Ï ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ĞÒÉ ĞÅÒÅÚÁĞÕÓËÅ named. îÅÔ ÓĞÏÓÏÂÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÌ ÂÙ named ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÔØ ËÅÛ × ÆÁÊÌÅ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ``ÉÓĞÒÁ×ÉÔØ'' ÜÔÏ, ĞÏÄĞÒÁ×É× named. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ.
äÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ.
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ. äÏÓÔÕĞÎÁÑ × ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ É × ĞÅÞÁÔÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÈ. þÔÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ× ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÛÁÇ ÏÔ ĞÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ DNS Ë ËÒÕĞÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ. ÷ ĞÅÞÁÔÎÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ËÎÉÇÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ DNS and BIND Á×ÔÏÒÏ× C. Liu É P. Albitz, ×ÙĞÕÝÅÎÎÁÑ O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, ISBN 0-937175-82-X. ñ ÞÉÔÁÌ ÅÅ, ÏÎÁ ×ÅÌÉËÏÌÅĞÎÁ. ôÁËÖÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ï DNS × ËÎÉÇÅ TCP/IP Network Administration, ÎÁĞÉÓÁÎÎÏÊ Craig Hunt É ÉÚÄÁÎÎÏÊ O'Reilly..., ISBN 0-937175-82-X. ôÁËÖÅ ÄÌÑ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ DNS (ÉÌÉ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÅÇÏÓÑ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ) ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ËÎÉÇÁ Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Á×ÔÏÒÁ Robert M. Prisig :-) ÄÏÓÔÕĞÎÁ ËÁË ISBN 0688052304, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÎÉÇÉ.
÷ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ ÎÁ http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/, http://www.isc.org/bind.html; FAQ, ÓĞÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ (BOG; Bind Operations Guide), Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÔÁÔØÉ É ÏĞÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ĞÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏ× É ÄÏĞÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ (hacks) Ë DNS (ÜÔÉ, É ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅ ×ÓÅ, rfc, ÕĞÏÍÑÎÕÔÙÅ ÎÉÖÅ, ÏÎÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÄÕÔ × ĞÏÓÔÁ×ËÅ bind). íÎÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÙ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÚ ÎÉÈ, ÎÏ Ñ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÓØ ËÒÕĞÎÙÍ DNS ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ. Arnt Gulbrandsen ÞÉÔÁÌ BOG É ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÜËÓÔÁÚÅ ÏÔ ÅÇÏ :-). ÷ ÇÒÕĞĞÅ ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÅÊ comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains ĞÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÔ ÄÉÓËÕÓÓÉÉ Ï DNS. ÷ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ, ÚÄÅÓØ ĞÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ RFC Ï DNS, ÓÁÍÙÍÉ ×ÁÖÎÙÍÉ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ:
A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie, A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV), October 1996
Y. Rekhter, R. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot, E. Lear, Address Allocation for Private Internets, 02/29/1996.
D. Barr, Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors, 02/28/1996.
B. Barr Errors in RFC 1912, this is available at http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~barr/rfc1912-errors.html
A. Romao, Tools for DNS debugging, 11/03/1994.
C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, D. Baldoni, DNS Encoding of Geographical Location, 11/01/1994.
R. Ullmann, P. Mockapetris, L. Mamakos, C. Everhart, New DNS RR Definitions, 10/08/1990.
P. Mockapetris, Domain names - implementation and specification, 11/01/1987.
P. Mockapetris, Domain names - concepts and facilities, 11/01/1987.
M. Lottor, Domain administrators operations guide, 11/01/1987.
M. Stahl, Domain administrators guide, 11/01/1987.
C. Partridge, Mail routing and the domain system, 01/01/1986.