Ellhniko Lilo mini-Howto
Cameron Spitzer (cls@truffula.sj.ca.us), Alessandro Rubini
(rubini@linux.it).
v2.1, 9 Ianoyarioy 1998
Ayto to arxeio deixnei merikous typikous tropoys egkatastashs toy
LILO. Exei san stoxo na apotelesei symplhrwma toy egxeiridioy "Odhgos
twn xrhstwn toy LILO". Pisteuw oti ta paradeigmata einai xrhsima akomh
kai sthn periptwsh poy h egkatastash sas den tairiazei me th dikh moy.
Elpizw oti ayto to keimeno 8a sas glitwsei apo mpelades. Mia kai h
tekmhriwsh toy Lilo apo monh ths einai polu kalh, opoios endiaferetai
gia leptomereies mporei na anatrejei sto /usr/doc/lilo*
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Eisagwgh
2. Proapaitoumenes gnwseis kai typikh egkatastash
2.1 Poy 8a prepei na egkatasthsw to Lilo;
2.2 Pws mporw na ry8misw toys IDE sklhrous diskoys moy;
2.3 Pws mporw na epembw kata th diarkeia ths ekkinhshs;
2.4 Pws mporw na apegkatasthsw to Lilo;
3. H aplh ru8mish
4. Egka8istwntas to
5. Xrhsimopoiwntas to Lilo otan to BIOS den mporei na dei to Root partition
6. Prosbash se terastias xwrhtikothtas diskoys otan den mporei to BIOS
7. Ekkinwntas apo mia disketa Diaswshs (Rescue Floppy)
8. Peri ths Ellhnikhs Metafrashs
______________________________________________________________________
1. Eisagwgh
Para to gegonos oti h tekmhriwsh poy bre8hke sta arxeia phgaioy kwdika
toy Lilo (ayto poy egkatasta8hke sth /usr/doc/lilo ekdosh) einai polu
katanohth, oi perissoteroi xrhstes Linux mporei na antimetwpisoyn
dyskolies ean epixeirhsoyn na dhmioyrghsoyn to diko toys arxeio
/etc/lilo.conf. Ayto to keimeno proorizetai sto na toys yposthrijei,
dinontas tis aparaithtes plhrofories kai deixnontas pente paradeigmata
egkatastashs:
· To prwto paradeigma einai apo thn klasikh egkatastash ``To Linux
kai oi Alloi''.
· To epomeno deixnei pws na egkatasthsete to Lilo se sklhro disko
syndedemeno san /dev/hdc o opoios 8a arxizei san /dev/hda. Ayto
xreiazetai synh8ws otan egkatasthsete ena neo disko Linux apo to
diko sas diko sas trexwn susthma.
· To trito paradeigma deixnei pws na jekinhsete ena susthma Linux toy
opoioy to root partition den einai prosbasimo apo to BIOS.
· To epomeno arxeio-deigma xrhsimopoieitai gia prosbash se diskoys
megalhs xwrhtikothtas, stoys opoioys den exei prosbash oute
to BIOS oute to DOS (ayto einai kata kapoio tropo aparxaiwmeno).
· To teleytaio paradeigma ejhgei pws na epidior8wsete ena xalasmeno
disko (h katastrofh se ayth thn periptwsh dhmioyrgh8hke apo thn
egkatastash enos allou leitoyrgikou systhmatos).
Ta teleytaia tria paradeigmata einai toy Cameron Spitzer,
cls@truffula.sj.ca.us, o opoios egrace to arxiko keimeno. O trexwn
synthrhths den trexei tipota allo ektos apo Linux, gi' ayto to logo
den mporw na ta elegjw oute na ta enhmerwsw.
2. Proapaitoumenes gnwseis kai typikh egkatastash
Otan to Lilo jekina to susthma, mporei na fortwsei mono data sectors
poy mporoun na prospela8oun apo to bios. Opoiodhpote pathname balete
sto /etc/lilo.conf ginetai resolved kata thn diarkeia ths egkatastashs
(otan kaleitai to lilo). Ayto symbainei otan to programma xtizei
kapoia lista pinakwn ths opoias ta sectors xrhsimopoiountai apo ta
arxeia. San apotelesma, ta arxeia prepei na yparxoyn se ena partition
poy na einai prosbasimo apo to BIOS. Epipleon, prepei na
janaegkatasthsete to loader (p.x., prepei na janakaleite to lilo) ka8e
fora poy tropopoieite ta arxeia. Opote janametaglwttisete ton pyrhna
sas kai gracete panw apo to palio image, prepei na janaegkatasthsete
to Lilo).
2.1. Poy 8a prepei na egkatasthsw to Lilo;
H ntirektiba boot = sto arxeio /etc/lilo.conf leei sto Lilo pou 8a
prepei na topo8ethsei to primary boot loader. Genika, mporeite na
epilejete eite to master boot sector (/dev/hda) eite to root partition
ths Linux egkatastashs sas (synh8ws einai sto /dev/hda1 h sto
/dev/hda2).
An exete allo leitoyrgiko susthma egkatesthmeno ston sklhro sas disko,
8a htan protimotero na egkatasthsete to Lilo sto root partition. Se
ayth thn periptwsh, prepei na markarete to partition san "bootable"
(xrhsimopoihste thn entolh "a" toy fdisk h thn entolh "b" toy cfdisk.
Ean den gracete panw apo to master boot sector, 8a einai pio eukolo na
apegkatasthsete to Linux kai to Lilo an xreiastei.
2.2. Pws mporw na ry8misw toys IDE sklhrous diskoys moy;
Proswpika den xrhsimopoiw thn epilogh LBA h LARGE sto BIOS (alla egw
trexw mono Linux). Ayta einai a8lioi periorismoi poy ofeilontai se
sxediastika elattwmata toy kosmoy twn PC. Ayto apaitei oti o pyrhnas
brisketai stoys prwtoys 1024 kylindroys, alla ayto den einai problhma
oso kanete partition toys sklhrous sas kai kratate to root mikro (opws
8a eprepe na kanete etsi ki alliws).
An o sklhros sas diskos exei hdh ena allo leitoyrgiko susthma, den 8a
mporesete na allajete tis ry8miseis toy BIOS, alliws to palio susthma
den 8a doyleuei pia. Oles oi prosfates dianomes Lilo einai ikanes na
xeiristoun LBA kai LARGE ry8miseis diskwn.
An exete perissoteroys apo enan sklhro disko kai merikoi apo aytous
xrhsimopoiountai mono apo to Linux, alla oxi sthn ekkinhsh toy
ypologisth, mporeite na dhlwsete sto BIOS sas oti den einai
egkatasthmenoi. To susthma sas 8a jekinaei pio grhgora kai to Linux
8a anixneuei aytomata oloys toys diskoys se xrono mhden. Syxna syndew
epipleon diskoys sto susthma moy, alla den allazw pote tis ry8miseis
toy BIOS.
2.3. Pws mporw na epembw kata th diarkeia ths ekkinhshs;
Otan deite to Lilo prompt, mporeite na pathsete ta plhktra <Tab> gia
na deite th lista me tis pi8anes epiloges. An to Lilo den einai
ry8mismeno na einai interactive, krathste pathmeno to plhktro <Alt> h
<Shift> prin emfanistei to mhnyma ``LILO'' .
An dialejete na ekkinhsete enan pyrhna Linux, mporeite na pros8esete
parametroys sth grammh entolwn meta apo to onoma toy systhmatos poy
epilejate. O pyrhnas dexetai polles parametroys sth grammh entolwn,
alla den einai to katallhlo meros gia na tis para8esoyme edw. Kata thn
gnwmh moy, merikes apo aytes einai idiaitera shmantikes:
· root=: mporeite na peite ston pyrhna toy Linux na kanei mount san
root ena diaforetiko partition apo Ayto poy emfanizetai sto
lilo.conf. Gia paradeigma, exw ena polu mikro partition poy
filojenei mia epishs polu mikrh Linux egkatastash, kai etsi
katafera na jekinhsw to susthma otan katestreca kata la8os to root
partition moy.
· init=: h ekdosh 1.3.4 kai newteres toy pyrhna toy Linux dexontai
ton ka8orismo apo th grammh-entolwn enos programmatos poy
ekteleitai anti gia to /sbin/init. An synanthsete dyskolies kata
thn diarkeia ths diadikasias ekkinhshs, mporeite na exete prosbash
sto susthma ka8orizontas to init=/bin/sh (otan eiste sto shell
prompt pi8ana na xreiasteite na kanete mount toys diskoys sas:
dokimaste to ``/sbin/mount -w -n -o remount /; mount -a'', kai
8ymh8eite na kanete ``/sbin/umount -a'' prin kleisete ton
hlektroniko sas ypologisth).
· Enas ari8mos: dinontas enan ari8mo sthn grammh entolwn toy pyrhna
dinetai entolh sto init na jekinhsei se ena sygkekrimeno run-level
(to default einai synh8ws 3). Anafer8eite sthn tekmhriwsh toy init
, sto /etc/inittab kai sto /etc/rc.d gia na synexisete peraiterw.
2.4. Pws mporw na apegkatasthsw to Lilo;
Otan to Lilo grafei panw apo to boot sector, krata ena antigrafo toy
asfaleias sto /boot/boot.xxyy, opoy xxyy einai oi elaxistoi kai
megistoi ari8moi ths syskeyhs, se dekaejadikh morfh. Mporeite na deite
toys elaxistoys kai megistoys ari8mous toy diskoy h toy partition sas
ektelwntas thn ``ls -l /dev/device''. Gia paradeigma, to prwto sector
toy /dev/hda (megisto 3, elaxisto 0) 8a sw8ei sto /boot/boot.0300,
egka8istwntas to Lilo sto /dev/fd0 dhmioyrgei to /boot/boot.0200 kai
egka8istwntas to sto /dev/sdb3 (megisto 8, elaxisto 19) dhmioyrgei to
/boot/boot.0813. Shmeiwste oti to Lilo de 8a dhmioyrghsei to arxeio an
yparxei hdh ena. De xreiazetai na anhsyxeite gia antigrafo asfaleias
ka8e fora poy egkatasteite to Lilo (gia paradeigma, afou
janametaglwttisete ton pyrhna sas).
An pote xreiastei na apegkatasthsete to Lilo (gia paradeigma, sthn
atyxh periptwsh poy xreiazetai na apegkatasthsete to Linux), to mono
poy xreiazetai einai na epanaferete to arxiko boot sector. An to Lilo
einai egkatasthmeno sto /dev/hda, aplws gracte ``dd if=/boot/boot.0300
of=/dev/hda bs=446 count=1'' (proswpika grafw ``cat /boot/boot.0300 >
/dev/hda'', alla den einai toso asfales, ka8ws Ayto 8a epanaferei kai
to arxiko partition table , to opoio mporei na to exete tropopoihsei
sto metaju). Ayth h entolh einai polu pio eukolo na ektelestei para na
prospa8hsete to ``fdisk /mbr'' apo ena kelyfos DOS: sas epitrepei na
afairesete to Linux apo ena disk xwris na xreiastei na ekkinhsete allo
leitoyrgiko. Afou afairesete to Lilo, 8ymh8eite na trejete to fdisk
toy Linux gia na diagracete o,ti Linux partition exete (to fdisk toy
DOS den mporei na diagracei non-dos partitions).
An exete egkatasthsei to Lilo sto root partition sas (p.x.,
/dev/hda2), de xreiazetai na kanete tipota to idiaitero gia na
apegkatasthsete to Lilo. Apla trejte to fdisk toy Linux gia na
diagracete ta Linux partitions apo to partition table. Epishs, prepei
na markarete to DOS partition san bootable.
3. H aplh ru8mish
Oi perissoteres egkatastaseis toy Lilo xrhsimopoioun ena arxeio
ry8misewn san ton epomeno:
boot = /dev/hda # or your root partition
delay = 0 # or specify a delay in tenth of a second
vga = 0 # optional. Use "vga=1" to get 80x50
image = /boot/vmlinux # your zImage file
root = /dev/hda1 # your root partition
label = Linux # or any fancy name
read-only # mount root read-only
other = /dev/hda4 # your dos partition, if any
table = /dev/hda # the current partition table
label = dos # or any non-fancy name
Mporeite na pollaplasiasete, an 8elete, ta tmhmata ``image'' kai
``other''. Den einai asynh8isto na exete ry8misei arketa kernel images
stolilo.conf, eidika an symbadizete me toys prosfatoys pyrhnes ypo
anaptyjh.
4. Egka8istwntas to hdc gia na jekinaei san hda
To Lilo sas epitrepei na kanete map to image toy pyrhna apo ena disko
kai na dwsete entolh sto BIOS na to anakta apo diaforetiko disko. Gia
paradeigma, einai koinotopo gia mena na egkatasthsw to Linux se ena
disko ston opoio syndeomai sto hdc (master diskos toy deuteroy
controller) kai na to ekkinhsw san standalong susthma ston primary IDE
controller enos alloy ypologisth. Antegraca thn disketa egkatastashs
se ena mikroskopiko partition, wste na mporw na ektelw to chroot se
mia virtual konsola gia na egkatasthsw to hdc enw xrhsimopoiw to
susthma gia kati allo.
To arxeio lilo.conf poy xrhsimopoiw gia na egkatasthsw to Lilo moiazei
me:
# This file must be used from a system running from /dev/hdc
boot = /dev/hdc # overwrite MBR of hdc
disk = /dev/hdc # tell how hdc will look like:
bios = 0x80 # the bios will see it as first drive
delay = 0
vga = 0
image = /boot/vmlinux # root partition is /dev/hdc1
root = /dev/hda1 # hdc1 at boot will be hda1
label = Linux
read-only
Ayto to arxeio ru8mishs prepei na diabastei apo ena Lilo poy brisketai
sto /dev/hdc1. Oi apeikoniseis toy Lilo poy grafthkan sto boot sector
(/dev/hdc) prepei na sebastei ta antigrafa toy vmlinux kai toy
/boot/boot.b ta opoia 8a einai dia8esima kata th diarkeia ekkinhshs,
p.x., ta antigrafa sto hdc.
Onomazw Ayto to arxeio ru8mishs /mnt/etc/lilo.conf.hdc kai egka8istw
to Lilo kalwntas to ``cd /mnt; chroot . sbin/lilo -C
/etc/lilo.conf.hdc'' ka8ws to /dev/hdc1 exei ginei mount katw apo to
/mnt.
5. Xrhsimopoiwntas to Lilo otan to BIOS den mporei na dei to Root
partition
Exw dyo diskoys IDE, kai enan disko SCSI. To BIOS den mporei na dei to
SCSI disko moy. O Linux Loader, to Lilo, xrhsimopoiei klhseis toy
BIOS kai mporei na dei diskoys poy mono to BIOS mporei na dei. To
koyto AMI BIOS moy 8a jekinhsei mono apo to "A:" h to "C:". To root
susthma arxeiwn moy einai ena partition sto SCSI disko.
H lush egkeitai sthn apo8hkeysh toy pyrhna, toy arxeioy apeikonishs
(map file), kai toy chain loader se ena Linux partition sto prwto IDE.
Shmeiwste oti den einai aparaithto na kratate to pyrhna sas sto root
parition sas.
To deutero parition toy prwtoy IDE diskoy moy (/dev/hda2, to Linux
parition poy xrhsimeye gia thn ekkinhsh toy systhmatos) einai mounted
sto /u2. Parakatw akoloy8ei to arxeio /etc/lilo.conf poy xrhsimopoiw.
# Install LILO on the Master Boot Record
# on the first IDE.
#
boot = /dev/hda
# /sbin/lilo (the installer) copies the LILO boot record
# from the following file to the MBR location.
install = /u2/etc/lilo/boot.b
#
# I wrote a verbose boot menu. LILO finds it here.
message = /u2/etc/lilo/message
# The installer will build the following file. It tells
# the boot-loader where the blocks of the kernels are.
map = /u2/etc/lilo/map
compact
prompt
# Wait 10 seconds, then boot the 1.2.1 kernel by default.
timeout = 100
# The kernel is stored where BIOS can see it by doing this:
# cp -p /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage /u2/z1.2.1
image = /u2/z1.2.1
label = 1.2.1
# LILO tells the kernel to mount the first SCSI partition
# as root. BIOS does not have to be able to see it.
root = /dev/sda1
# This partition will be checked and remounted by /etc/rc.d/rc.S
read-only
# I kept an old Slackware kernel lying around in case I built a
# kernel that doesn't work. I actually needed this once.
image = /u2/z1.0.9
label = 1.0.9
root = /dev/sda1
read-only
# My DR-DOS 6 partition.
other = /dev/hda1
loader=/u2/etc/lilo/chain.b
label = dos
alias = m
6. Prosbash se terastias xwrhtikothtas diskoys otan den mporei to
BIOS
To susthma sto xwro ergasias moy exei IDE disko xwrhtikothtas 1GB. To
BIOS mporei na 'dei' mono ta prwta 504 MB toy IDE. (opoy MB shmainei
2**10 bytes, kai oxi 10**6 bytes). Etsi exw ena MS-DOS partition twn
350 MB /dev/hda1 kai to Linux root moy se ena partition 120 MB
/dev/hda2.
To MS-DOS den mporouse na egkatasta8ei mono toy swsta otan o diskos
htan kainourios. To Novell DOS 7 eixe to idio problhma. Eytyxws gia
mena, h IBM jexase na balei thn disketa "OnTrack" sto koyti mazi me to
disko. O diskos ypoti8etai oti 8a erxotan mazi me ena proion me thn
onomasia "OnTrack Disk Manager." An exete mono MSDOS, mallon 8a prepei
na to xrhsimopoihsete.
Gi' ayto to logo eftiaja ena partition table me to fdisk toy Linux.
To MSDOS-6.2 arniotan na egkatasta8ei mono toy sto /dev/hda1. Elege
kati san ``ayth h ekdosh toy MS-DOS einai gia nees egkatastaseis. O
ypologisths sas exei hdh to MS-DOS gia Ayto xreiazetai na
promh8eyteite mia pio ananewmenh ekdosh apo ton promh8eyth sas.''
Sthn pragmatikothta, o diskos htan olokainoyrgos.
Ti blakeia! Etsi etreja to fdisk toy Linux kai diegraca to partition 1
apo to table. Ayto ikanopoihse to MS-DOS 6.2 to opoio proxwrhse gia na
dhmioyrghsei ena oloidio partition 1 san Ayto poy eixa molis diagracei
kai to opoio to eixe egkatasthsei to idio. To MS-DOS 6.2 egrace to
diko toy Master Boot Record sto disko, parolayta den mporouse na
jekinhsei.
Eytyxws eixa ena pyrhna Slackware se mia disketa (dhmioyrghmeno apo to
programma egkatastashs toy Slackware "setup") kai etsi jekinhsa to
Linux kai egraca to LILO panw apo to katestrammeno MBR toy MS-DOS.
Doulece. Ayto einai to arxeio /etc/lilo.conf poy xrhsimopoihsa:
boot = /dev/hda
map = /lilo-map
delay = 100
ramdisk = 0 # Turns off ramdisk in Slackware kernel
timeout = 100
prompt
disk = /dev/hda # BIOS only sees first 500 MB.
bios = 0x80 # specifies the first IDE.
sectors = 63 # get the numbers from your drive's docs.
heads = 16
cylinders = 2100
image = /vmlinuz
append = "hd=2100,16,63"
root = /dev/hda2
label = linux
read-only
vga = extended
other = /dev/hda1
label = msdos
table = /dev/hda
loader = /boot/chain.b
Afotoy egkatesthsa ayta ta systhmata, epalh8eysa oti to partition poy
periexei ta zImage, boot.b, map, chain.b kai arxeia mhnymatwn mporei
na xrhsimopoihsei ena susthma arxeiwn msdos, me thn proupo8esh oti den
exei sympiestei o diskos me kapoio programma "stacker" h
"doublespace". Etsi 8a mporousa na exw to DOS partition sto /dev/hda1
me 500 MB.
Epishs, ema8a oti to "OnTrack" 8a mporouse na eixe gracei ena
partition table poy na arxizei meta apo merikes dekades bytes apo thn
arxh toy diskoy, anti gia thn arxh toy, kai pws einai dynaton na
"peirajeis" ton odhgo toy Linux gia IDE wste na jeperasei ayto to
problhma. Alla h egkatastash 8a htan adunath xwris ton
prometaglwttismeno pyrhna Slackware. Telika, h IBM moy esteile mia
disketa "OnTrack". Kalesa thn texnikh yposthrijh ths OnTrack. Moy
eipan pws to Linux xalase giati den xrhsimopoiei to BIOS. Telika
petaja thn disketa toys!
7. Ekkinwntas apo mia disketa Diaswshs (Rescue Floppy)
Sth synexeia, egkatesthsa ta Windows-95 sto susthma toy grafeioy moy.
Ejafanise to wraio LILO MBR moy, alla afhse ta Linux partitions moy
apeiraxta. Oi pyrhnes pairnoyn polu wra na fortw8oun apo disketa, kai
etsi ekana mia disketa me ena LILO panw ths, to opoio ekkinouse ton
pyrhna moy apo ton IDE.
Eftiaja th LILO disketa moy ws ejhs:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 # lay tracks on virgin diskette
mkfs -t minix /dev/fd0 1440 # make file system of type minix
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt # mount in the standard tmp mount point
cp -p /boot/chain.b /mnt # copy the chain loader over
lilo -C /etc/lilo.flop # install LILO and the map on the diskette.
umount /mnt
Shmeiwste pws h disketa prepei na exei ginei mounted otan trexete ton
installer etsi wste na mporei to Lilo na gracei to map arxeio toy
kanonika.
To arxeio einai to /etc/lilo.flop. Einai peripoy san to teleytaio:
# Makes a floppy that can boot kernels from HD.
boot = /dev/fd0
map = /mnt/lilo-map
delay = 100
ramdisk = 0
timeout = 100
prompt
disk = /dev/hda # 1 GB IDE, BIOS only sees first 500 MB.
bios=0x80
sectors = 63
heads = 16
cylinders = 2100
image = /vmlinuz
append = "hd=2100,16,63"
root = /dev/hda2
label = linux
read-only
vga = extended
other = /dev/hda1
label = msdos
table = /dev/hda
loader = /mnt/chain.b
Telos, xreiasthka MS-DOS 6.2 sto susthma toy grafeioy moy, alla den
h8ela na peirajw ton prwto disko moy. Pros8esa enan SCSI controller
kai ena disko, eftiaja ena susthma arxeiwn msdos panw toy me thn
entolh toy Linux mkdosfs, kai ta Windows-95 to blepoyn ws "D:". Alla
fysika to MSDOS den mporei na jekinhsei apo to D:. Ayto den apotelei
problhma otan exete LILO. Pros8esa ta akoloy8a sto lilo.conf toy
Paradeigmatos 2.
other = /dev/sda1
label = d6.2
table = /dev/sda
loader = /boot/any_d.b
Me aythn thn tropopoihsh, to MSDOS-6.2 trexei kai pisteuei pws einai
sto C: kai pws ta Windows-95 briskontai sto D:.
8. Peri ths Ellhnikhs Metafrashs
Gia sxolia, parathrhseis, dior8wseis, enhmerwseis peri ths Ellhnikhs
metafrashs aytou toy HOWTO, steilte email sthn Boula Sanida :
voulariba@hellug.gr h ston Eyripidh Papakwsta : evris@hellug.gr kai
enallaktika : ep@rocketmail.com