Hellenic Linux Information Sheet
Georgios E. Keramidas, keramida@ceid.upatras.gr
v1.0, 22 October 1997
Ayto to keimeno parexei basikes plhrofories gia to leitoyrgiko susthma
Linux, symperilambanomenhs kai mias perigrafhs toy Linux, mia lista me
xarakthristika, merikes apaithseis kai arketes phges. Basizetai sto
aggliko Linux Information Sheet (ekdosh 4.11, 13 Ianoyarioy 1997), to
opoio diathrei o Michael K. Johnson, johnsonm@redhat.com
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Eisagwgh sto Linux
2. Xarakthristika toy Linux
3. 8emata Ylikou (Hardware)
3.1 Elaxistes Apaithseis
3.2 Xrhsimopoihsima Systhmata
3.3 Yliko poy Yposthrizetai
4. Mikros Katalogos Metaferomenwn Programmatwn [amp ] Alloy Logismikou
5. Poios Xrhsimopoiei to Linux;
6. Pws na Parete to Linux
6.1 Anwnymo FTP
6.2 CDROM
6.3 Alloi Tropoi na Parete to Linux
7. 3ekinwntas
8. Nomikh Katastash toy Linux
9. Nea gia to Linux
10. To Mellon
11. Ayto to Keimeno
12. Nomika [amp ] Alla
______________________________________________________________________
1. Eisagwgh sto Linux
To Linux einai mia teleiws dwrean epanaulopoihsh toy POSIX protupoy,
me SYSV kai BSD epektaseis (poy shmainei oti moiazei me UNIX, alla den
proerxetai apo thn idia bash phgaioy kwdika), to opoio einai dia8esimo
se morfh phgaioy kwdika alla kai se ektelesimh morfh. Ta pneymatika
dikaiwmata anhkoyn ston Linus B. Torvalds Linus.Torvalds@Helsinki.FI
kai alloys poy kata kairous exoyn prosferei sthn anaptyjh toy.
Dianemetai ``eleu8era'', sumfwna me toys oroys ths GNU General Public
License.
To Linux den einai public domain, kai den einai shareware. Einai
``dwrean'' logismiko, kai mporeite na dwsete antigrafa toy, alla
prepei na dwsete kai ton phgaio kwdika mazi h na kanete dynath thn
dianomh toy me ton idio tropo. An dianeimete opoiesdhpote allages,
eiste nomika ypeu8ynoi na dianeimete ton phgaio kwdika gia aytes tis
allages. Deite thn GNU General Public License gia leptomereies. Ena
antigrafo dianemetai me ton phgaio kwdika toy Linux, h mporeite na
parete ena antigrafo mesw ftp apo to prep.ai.mit.edu, katalogos
/pub/GNU/COPYING.
To Linux akomh dianemetai eleu8era, twra poy exei ftasei sthn ekdosh
2.0, kai 8a synexisei na dianemetai eleu8era. Akribws logw ths fushs
ths GNU adeias xrhshs, ypo toys oroys ths opoias dianemetai to Linux,
8a htan paranomo na mhn dianemetai eleu8era to Linux. Prosoxh omws:
einai apolutws nomimo na apaitountai xrhmata gia thn dianomh toy
Linux, arkei na dianemetai kai o phgaios kwdikas mazi. Ayth einai mia
polu genikh diapistwsh. An 8elete tis akribeis nomikes leptomereies,
diabaste thn GNU adeia xrhshs toy Linux.
To Linux trexei se 386/486/Pentium mhxanes me ISA, EISA, PCI kai VLB
diauloys. O diaylos MCA (ths IBM) den yposthrizetai teleia akoma,
parolo poy exei arxisei na yposthrizetai apo ta kernels 2.1.x. An
endiafereste, deite thn selida <http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca>.
Yparxei mia metafora se anaptyjh gia polles Motorola 680x0 platformes
(twra trexei se kapoies Amiga, Atari, kai VME mhxanes), poy twra pleon
doyleuei arketa kala. Apaitei enan 68020 me MMU, enan 68030, 68040, h
enan 68060. Epishs apaitei mia FPU. Oi trexoyses ekdoseis exoyn
yposthrijh kai gia diktyakes kai gia X efarmoges.
To Linux trexei polu kala stoys Alpha epejergastes ths DEC, me
yposthrijh gia tis mhxanes "Jensen", "NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal
Desktop Box" (eyrutera gnwsto ws Multia), kai polles alles platformes.
Gia perissoteres plhrofories, deite thn selida
<http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html>.
To Linux trexei kala kai se Sun SPARCs; oi pio polles sun4c kai sun4m
mhxanes twra mporoun na trejoyn to Linux, me yposthrijh gia tis sun4u
na exei hdh jekinhsei na anaptussetai. To Red Hat Linux einai (thn
stigmh poy grafontai aytes oi grammes) h monh dianomh toy Linux poy
yparxei gia SPARCs! Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite thn selida
<http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/>.
To Linux metaferetai twra kai sthn arxitektonikh PowerPC,
symperilambanomenwn twn PowerMac (Nubus kai PCI), Motorola, IBM, kai
Be mhxanwn.
Metafores toy Linux kai se alles arxitektonikes, opws MIPS kai ARM,
exoyn jekinhsei kai deixnoyn diafora pososta proodoy. Mhn kratate thn
anasa sas, alla an endiafereste kai mporeite na prosferete, mporeite
na breite ki alloys poy 8a endiaferontoysan na doylecoyn mazi sas.
To Linux den 8ewreite pia se peiramatiko stadio, afou ekdosh 1.0 exei
teleiwsei apo tis 14 Martioy toy 1994. Yparxoyn akomh bugs sto
susthma, kai nea bugs 8a emfanizontai kai 8a dior8wnontai ka8ws perna
o kairos. Epeidh to Linux akoloy8ei to ``anoixto protypo anaptyjhs'',
oles oi nees ekdoseis 8a dinontai sto koino, akomh ki an den
8ewrountai ``emporikhs poiothtas''. Parol' ayta, kai gia na boh8h8ei
o kosmos sthn epilogh enos sta8erou pyrhna, to akoloy8o sxhma exei
ylopoih8ei: Oi ekdoseis 2.x.y, opoy to x einai zygos ari8mos, einai
sta8eres ekdoseis kai mono dior8wseis la8wn prosti8entai ka8ws to y
ayjanetai. Etsi apo thn ekdosh 2.0.2 sthn 2.0.3, yparxoyn mono
dior8wseis la8wn oxi nea xarakthristika. Oi ekdoseis 2.x.y, opoy to x
einai enas perittos ari8mos, einai beta-poiothtas ekdoseis mono gia
developers. Mporei na einai asta8eis, na paroysiazoyn genikotera
problhmata kai allazoyn polu grhgora ka8ws nea features prosti8entai
se aytes synexeia. Molis pernaei arketos kairos, ka8ws h trexoysa
ekdosh toy kernel sta8eropoieitai, h anaptyjh ``pagwnei'' gia ligo,
mia kainouria sta8erh ekdosh toy kernel moirazetai, kai h anaptyjh
synexizetai me mia kainouria peiramatikh ekdosh.
H trexoysa sta8erh ekdosh einai h 2.0.31 (ayto 8a synexisei na allazei
ka8ws kainourioi odhgoi prosti8entai kai bugs dior8wnontai). H
peiramatikh ekdosh poy anaptussetai einai h seira 2.1.x. An h 2.0.x
einai polu kainouria gia esas, mporeite na parameinete me thn 1.2.13
pros to paron. Parol' ayta oi teleytaies 2.0.x ekdoseis exoyn
apodeixtei arketa sta8eres. Shmeiwste oti h allagh apo thn ekdosh 1.2
sthn 2.0 apaitei na allajete kai polla apo ta programmata sas! Isws
protimhsete na allajete sthn pio kainouria ekdosh ths dianomhs sas gia
na allajoyn mazi kai ayta ta programmata. O phgaios kwdikas toy Linux
kernel periexei ena arxeio, Documentation/Changes, poy ejhgei aytes
tis allages kai polla alla.
Oi pio polles ekdoseis toy Linux, peiramatikes kai mh, einai arketa
sta8eres, kai mporeite na synexiste na tis xrhsimopoieite an kanoyn
ayto poy 8elete kai den sas endiaferei na eiste sthn ``aixmh ths
texnologias''. Ena site eixe enan ypologisth poy etrexe thn ekdosh
0.97p1 (apo to kalokairi toy 1992) gia panw apo 136 hmeres xwris
kanena la8os h crash. (8a leitoyrgouse gia polu perissotero an enas
ergaths den ekleine kata la8os ton metasxhmatisth kurias isxuos...)
Alloi exoyn steilei uptimes parapanw apo ena xrono. Ena site akomh
eixe enan ypologisth poy etrexe to Linux 0.99p15s gia panw apo 600
days thn teleytaia fora poy to anefere.
Ena pragma poy ajizei na jerei kaneis einai oti to Linux akoloy8ei ena
anoixto kai katanemhmeno montelo anaptyjhs, anti gia ena kleisto kai
kentrikopoihmeno montelo, opws h pleiochfia twn ypoloipwn megalwn
systhmatwn logismikou. Ayto shmainei oti h trexoysa ekdosh einai
panta dia8esimh (me to polu mia h dyo ebdomades ka8ysterhsh) etsi poy
opoiosdhpote na mporei na thn xrhsimopoihsei. To apotelesma einai oti
opote mia kainouria ekdosh me nea xarakthristika bgainei, sxedon panta
periexei kai bugs, alla suntoma arxizei mia taxisth dokimh kai
anaptyjh, etsi poy ta bugs briskontai kai dior8wnontai grhgora, syxna
mesa se liges wres, afou polloi ergazontai gia na ``xtisoyn'' thn nea
ekdosh.
Se anti8esh, to kleisto kai kentrikopoihmeno montelo shmainei oti
yparxei ena atomo h mia omada poy doyleuei sto project, kai dianemoyn
logismiko otan aytoi nomizoyn oti doyleuei arketa kala. Syxna ayto
odhgei se megala diasthmata metaju twn dianomwn kai megales anamones
gia dior8wseis la8wn. Safws h teleytaia ekdosh tetoioy systhmatos
logismikou einai syxna ychlhs poiothtas, alla h taxuthta anaptyjhs
einai genika polu mikroterh.
Stis 26 Oktwbrioy, 1997, oi trexoyses ekdoseis einai 2.0.31 gia thn
sta8erh ekdosh toy Linux, kai 2.1.57 gia thn peiramatikh.
2. Xarakthristika toy Linux
· Multitasking: polla programmata trexoyn taytoxrona.
· Polyxrhstiko (multiuser): polloi xrhstes sto idio mhxanhma
taytoxrona (kai kamia anagkh gia polles adeies xrhsth!).
· Metafersimo (multiplatform): trexei se polles diaforetikes CPUs,
oxi mono stoys epejergastes ths Intel.
· Multiprocessor: Yparxei hdh yposthrijh SMP stis Intel kai SPARC
platformes (me thn doyleia na exei jekinhsei kai se alles
platformes), kai to Linux xrhsimopoieitai se polles MP efarmoges,
symperilambanomenwn kai twn systhmatwn Beowulf (deite to
<http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html>) kai
ston Fujitsu AP1000+ yperypologisth poy basizetai sthn SPARC
arxitektonikh.
· Trexei se prostateymenh katastash (protected mode) ston 386 kai
toys newteroys Intel epejergastes.
· Exei prostasia mnhmhs metaju twn diergasiwn, etsi wste ena
programma na mhn mporei na ``katebasei'' olo to susthma.
· Fortwnei otan yparxei anagkh ta ektelesima: to Linux diabazei apo
to disko mono ekeina ta merh enos programmatos poy pragmatika
xrhsimopoiountai.
· Koines copy-on-write selides metaju twn ektelesimwn. Ayto shmainei
oti polles diergasies mporoun na xrhsimopoioun tis idies perioxes
mnhmhs gia na trexoyn. Otan kapoia prospa8hsei na gracei sthn
mnhmh, ekeinh h selida (ena kommati 4KB ths mnhmhs) antigrafetai
kapoy allou. To copy-on-write exei duo pleonekthmata: ayjanei thn
taxuthta kai meiwnei thn mnhmh poy apaiteitai.
· Ideath mnhmh xrhsimopoiwntas selidopoihsh (den kanei swapping
oloklhres diergasies) kai meros toy diskoy: se ena jexwristo
partition h ena arxeio sto susthma arxeiwn, h kai ta duo, me thn
dynatothta gia pros8hkh perissoterwn swapping perioxwn se runtime
xrono (nai, akoma legontai swapping perioxes). Synolika to polu 16
swapping perioxes twn 128 MB mporoun na xrhsimopoiountai
taytoxrona, dinontas ena 8ewrhtiko orio twn 2 GB sthn synolikh
swapping perioxh. Einai aplo, omws, na allajei to orio ayto,
tropopoiwntas liges grammes kwdika.
· Mia enopoihmenh phgh mnhmhs gia programmata xrhsth kai cache
diskwn, etsi wste olh h eleu8erh mnhmh na mporei na xrhsimopoih8ei
gia caching, kai h cache na mporei na meiw8ei otan trexoyn megala
programmata.
· Dynamika fortwsimes diamoirasmenes biblio8hkes (dynamically linked
shared libraries) (alliws gnwstes kai ws DLL's). Bebaia,
yposthrizei kai statikes biblio8hkes.
· Dhmioyrgei core dumps gia ek twn ysterwn analysh, dinontas thn
dynatothta gia xrhsh enos debugger se ena programma oxi mono otan
trexei, alla ki afou exei crash-arei.
· Symbato se ena megalo pososto me to POSIX, to System V, kai to BSD
se epipedo phgaioy kwdika.
· Mesw enos iBCS2-symbatou tmhmatos ejomoiwshs, symbato me SCO, SVR3,
kai SVR4 se dyadiko (ektelesimo) epipedo.
· Olos o phgaios kwdikas einai dia8esimos, symperilambanomenoy
oloklhroy toy kernel kai olwn twn odhgwn, twn ergaleiwn anaptyjhs
kai olwn twn programmatwn xrhsth! Epishs, oloklhro to Linux mporei
na dianemetai eleu8era oloklhro. Polla emporika programmata
yparxoyn dia8esima gia Linux xwris ton phgaio kwdika, alla oti htan
eleu8era dia8esimo, symperilambanomenoy oloklhroy toy basikou
leitoyrgikou systhmatos, einai akomh eleu8era dia8esimo.
· Elegxos ergasiwn symbatos me POSIX.
· pseudoterminals (pty's).
· Ejomoiwsh ths 387 FPU mesa sto idio to kernel etsi wste ta
programmata den xreiazetai na kanoyn thn dikh toys ejomoiwsh. Ka8e
ypologisths poy trexei to Linux moiazei na exei ena ma8hmatiko
synepejergasth. Bebaia, an o ypologisths sas exei hdh mia FPU, 8a
xrhsimopoih8ei ayth anti gia thn ejomoiwsh, kai mporeite na xtisete
ton pyrhna sas xwris ayth thn ejomoiwsh, gia na kerdisete ligh
mnhmh.
· Yposthrijh gia polla e8nika kai prosarmosima plhktrologia -- einai
arketa eukolo na proste8oun kainouria dynamika otan yparjei anagkh.
· Pollaples ideates konsoles: arketa anejarthta login sessions apo
thn konsola toy systhmatos, allazete patwntas ena syndyasmo apo
hot-keys (anejarthta apo to video hardware). These are dynamically
allocated; you can use up to 64.
· Yposthrizei polla koina systhmata arxeiwn, symperilambanomenwn twn
minix, Xenix, ola ta koina system V filesystems (p.x. UFS), kai
exei ena diko toy ejeligmeno susthma arxeiwn, to opoio prosferei
systhmata arxeiwn mexri 4 TB, kai onomata poy periexoyn mexri 255
xarakthres. Epipleon, sto susthma arxeiwn toy Linux, o monos
periorismos poy yparxei sto poioys xarakthres mporei na periexei
ena onoma einai oti den mporei na periexei ton xarakthra ASCII NUL
(0) (anti8eta me to VFAT, p.x. poy apagoreuei toys xarakthres
``*?<>|":/\\+=,; []'').
· Diafanh prospelash twn arxeiwn enos MS-DOS partition (h OS/2 FAT
partition) mesw enos eidikou systhmatos arxeiwn: den xreiazeste
eidikes entoles gia na xrhsimopoihsete to MS-DOS partition, moiazei
san ena kanoniko Unix susthma arxeiwn (ektos apo merikous asteioys
periorismous sta onomata twn arxeiwn, thn prostasia twn arxeiwn,
ktl.). Ta sympiesmena partitions toy MS-DOS 6 den doyleuoyn ayto
ton kairo xwris ena patch (dmsdosfs). To Linux 2.0 yposthrizei to
VFAT (WNT, Windows 95).
· Eidiko susthma arxeiwn, poy legetai UMSDOS, to opoio yposthrizei
thn egkatastash toy Linux se ena DOS partition.
· Yposthrijh (gia anagnwsh-mono) toy HPFS-2 (OS/2 2.1).
· Yposthrijh gia to HFS (Macintosh) file system yparxei jexwrista san
module.
· CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
· TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
· Appletalk ejyphrethths
· Netware pelaths kai ejyphrethths
· Lan Manager (SMB) pelaths kai ejyphrethths
· Polla diktyaka prwtokolla: ta basika prwtokolla poy einai dia8esima
sta teleytaia peiramatika kernels perilambanoyn ta TCP, IPv4, IPv6,
AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), NetBEUI, Netrom, kai alla.
Sta8era diktyaka prwtokolla poy periexontai sta sta8era kernels
perilambanoyn ta TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25.
3. 8emata Ylikou (Hardware)
To yliko poy apaiteitai gia na trejei to Linux einai elaxisto an
elaxistes einai ki oi dikes sas apaithseis apo ena Linux susthma.
Parol' ayta to yliko toy systhmatos sas mporei na prosarmozetai stis
trexoyses anagkes sas. Kai to Linux mporei na prosarmozetai stis
allages aytes!
3.1. Elaxistes Apaithseis
To akoloy8o einai pi8anon to minimalistiko setup sto opoio mporei
kapoios na xrhsimopoihsei to Linux: 386SX/16, 1 MB RAM, 1.44 MB h 1.2
MB floppy, opoiadhpote yposthrizomenh karta o8onhs (+ plhktrologia,
o8ones, kok. bebaia). Ayto 8a sas dwsei thn dynatothta na jekinhsete
kai na dokimasete an doyleuei to susthma, alla den 8a mporeite na
kanete otidhpote xrhsimo. Deite to
<http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html> gia alla ``mikra'' Linux
configurations.
Gia na kanete otidhpote, 8a xreiasteite kai kapoio xwro sto sklhro
disko, 5 ws 10 MB 8a prepe na einai arketa gia ena polu syrriknwmeno
setup (mono me ta apolutws aparaithta programmata ki isws mia h dyo
mikres efarmoges egkatesthmenes, opws, gia paradeigma ena programma
termatikou [minicom,term,ktl.]). Ayto einai akomh pragmatika polu
periorismeno kai ka8oloy aneto san egkatastash, kai den exei arketo
xwro gia na kanete sxedon tipota, ektos ki an h xrhsh poy 8a kanete
exei polu periorismenes anagkes. Den synistatai genika gia otidhpote
allo, ektos apo dokimes gia to an ta pragmata doyleuoyn, kai bebaia
gia na mporoume na yperhfaneyomaste pws to Linux exei fobera mikres
apaithseis.
3.2. Xrhsimopoihsima Systhmata
An prokeitai na trejete ypologistika baria programmata, opws ton gcc,
ta X, h to TeX, mallon 8a xreiasteite ena pio grhgoro epejergasth apo
enan 386SX/16, alla akomh ki aytos 8a htan arketos an exete thn
apaitoumenh ypomonh.
Sthn pragmatikothta, 8a xreiasteite toylaxiston 4 MB kurias mnhmhs
(RAM) an den xrhsimopoieite ta X, kai 8 MB an ta xrhsimopoieite.
Epishs, an 8elete na yposthrizete pollous xrhstes taytoxrona, h na
trexete polla megala programmata thn idia stigmh (metaglwttiseis gia
paradeigma), mporei na xreiasteite parapanw apo 4 MB kurias mnhmhs.
To Linux 8a doylecei akomh kai me mikrotera mege8h mnhmhs (8a prepe na
doyleuei akomh kai me 2 MB), alla 8a xrhsimopoiei ideath mnhmh
(xrhsimopoiwntas ton sklhro disko san argh mnhmh) ki ayto 8a einai
polu argo, sxedon adunato na xrhsimopoih8ei. An xrhsimopoieite polla
programmata taytoxrona, 16 MB 8a meiwsoyn to swapping kata polu. An
8elete na apofugete to swapping akomh kai katw apo arketa ypologisimo
load, 32 MB einai mallon ayto poy xreiazeste. Bebaia, an trexete
efarmoges poy pragmatika ``peinane'' gia mnhmh, 8a xreiasteite akomh
pio polu mnhmh.
To poso toy sklhrou diskoy poy 8a xreiasteite ejartatai apo to
logismiko poy 8elete na egkatasthsete. To kanoniko basiko set apo
Unix ergaleia, shells, kai programmata diaxeirishs toy systhmatos
xwraei sxetika aneta se ligotero apo 10MB me ligo xwro sthn akrh gia
arxeia twn xrhstwn. Gia ena pio oloklhrwmeno susthma, parte thn Red
Hat, thn Debian, thn Slackware, h opoiadhpote allh dianomh, kai
ypologiste oti 8a xreiasteite apo 60 ws 300 MB, analoga me to ti 8a
dialejete na egkatasthsete kai poia dianomh 8a parete. Pros8este se
ayto to xwro poy 8elete na desmeusete gia arxeia twn xrhstwn. Me tis
shmerines times stwn sklhrwn diskwn, an pairnete ena kainourio
susthma, den exei nohma na parete ena disko poy einai polu mikros.
Parte toylaxiston 500 MB, an kai 1 GB h pio polu einai protimotero,
kai den 8a to metaniwsete.
Pros8este perissoterh mnhmh, megalutero sklhro disko, ena pio grhgoro
epejergasth, ki oti allo 8elete analoga me tis anagkes, tis epi8ymies
kai to portofoli sas gia na jefugete apo to orio toy aplws
xrhsimopoihsimoy systhmatos. Genika, mia megalh diafora toy Linux apo
to DOS einai oti sto Linux h pros8hkh mnhmhs deixnei polu megaluterh
diafora, parolo poy sto DOS h ejtra mnhmh den moiazei na allazei kai
polla pragmata. Ayto exei, en merei, sxesh kai me to asteio orio twn
640 KB toy DOS, to opoio sto Linux apla den yparxei.
3.3. Yliko poy Yposthrizetai
CPU:
Otidhpote trexei programmata se prostateymenh katastash
leitoyrgias opws o 386 (ola ta montela twn 386, 486, 586, kai
686 8a prepe na doyleuoyn kanonika). Oi 286 kai oi katwteroi
mporei kapoia mera na yposthrizontai apo ena mikrotero kernel,
to opoio legetai ELKS (Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset), alla mhn
perimenete tis idies dynatothtes. Mia ekdosh gia toys 680x0
epejergastes (gia x = 2 me ejwterikh MMU, 3, 4, kai 6) poy
trexei se Amiga kai Atari mporei na bre8ei sto tsx-11.mit.edu
ston katalogo 680x0. Polloi DEC Alpha yposthrizontai. Polloi
SPARCs yposthrizontai twra pleon. Metafores exoyn hdh jekinhsei
gia tis PowerPC, ARM, kai MIPS arxitektonikes. Polles
leptomereies mporoun na bre8oun kai se alla keimena toy Linux
Documentation Project.
Architecture:
ISA h EISA diaylos. O MCA diaylos (poy yparxei kyriws se
ay8entikous PS/2) den yposthrizetai plhrws, alla h yposthrijh
beltiwnetai synexeia (deite parapanw). Oi Local diayloi (VLB
kai PCI) doyleuoyn. To Linux apaitei pio polla pragmata apo to
yliko ap' oti to DOS, ta Windows, kai ta pio polla alla
leitoyrgika systhmata. Ayto shmainei oti merika kommatia
ylikou, poy se alla leitoyrgika doyleuoyn se oriakh katastash,
xwris wstoso na apotygxanoyn, mporei na paroysiasoyn problhma
katw apo to Linux. To Linux einai, gia paradeigma, enas aristos
elegkths mnhmhs...
RAM:
Mexri 1 GB se Intel platformes! Pio polu se 64-bit platformes.
Merikoi (ki o idios o Linus) exoyn shmeiwsei oti h pros8hkh
mnhmhs xwris thn pros8hkh analoghs cache ka8ysterei to susthma
para polu, etsi an balete mnhmh kai parathrhsete oti to susthma
sas einai pio argo, dokimaste na pros8esete pio polu cache.
Merikes mhxanes mporoun na kratoun cache mono gia sygkekrimena
mege8h mnhmhs anejarthta apo thn synolikh dia8esimh mnhmh poy
einai egkatesthmenh sto susthma (64 MB einai to megisto mege8os
mnhmhs poy mporei na krataei se cache ena dhmofiles chipset).
Panw apo 64 MB kurias mnhmhs xreiazontai eidikh parametro kata
thn ekkinhsh, afou to BIOS mporei na anaferei to polu mexri 64
MB, giati einai `problhmatiko opws exei sxedias8ei'.
Data storage:
Yposthrizontai generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD
controllers me MFM h RLL, h ESDI), opws kai SCSI sklhroi diskoi
kai CD-ROMs, me enan SCSI adaptor, o opoios yposthrizetai.
Epishs, yposthrizontai generic XT controllers (8 bit controllers
me MFM h RLL). Yposthrizontai oi ejhs SCSI adaptors: Advansys,
Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx, kai h seira 29xx (me merikes
epektaseis), Buslogic MultiMaster controllers (h yposthrijh
Flashpoint einai se beta-testing), controllers basismenoi sto
NCR53c810, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP kai FAS controllers,
Seagate ST-01 kai ST-02, h seira Future Domain TMC-88x (h
opoiodhpote board basismeno sto TMC950 chip) kai TMC1660/1680,
Ultrastor 14F, 24F kai 34F, Western Digital wd7000, kai alloi.
SCSI, QIC-02, kai merika QIC-80 tapes yposthrizontai epishs.
Diaforoi CD-ROM odhgoi yposthrizontai, opws
Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi, Sony, Soundblaster, Toshiba,
ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, kai alloi. Gia akribh montela, deite to
``Hardware Compatibility HOWTO''.
Video:
H VGA, h EGA, h CGA, h Hercules (kai oi symbates) doyleuoyn se
text mode. Gia grafika kai ta X, yparxei yposthrijh
(toylaxiston) gia aples VGA, merikes super-VGA kartes (oi pio
polles kartes poy basizontai sto ET3000, ET4000, Paradise, kai
merika Trident chipsets), S3, S3-Virge, 8514/A, ATI,
MACH8/32/64, Matrox Millenium & Mystique kai Hercules. (To
Linux xrhsimopoiei ton Xfree86 X server, opote ayto kanonizei ti
kartes yposthrizontai. Mia oloklhrwmenh lista apo
yposthrizomena chipsets pianei apo monh ths panw apo mia
selida.)
Networking:
H yposthrijh gia Ethernet kartes perilambanei tis 3COM
503/509/579/589 (oi 501/505/507 yposthrizontai alla den tis
synistoume), AT&T GIS (NCR) WaveLAN, oi pio polles kartes poy
basizontai sthn WD8390, oi pio polles kartes poy basizontai stis
WD80x3 kartes, h NE1000/2000 ki oi pio polloi klwnoi toys,
AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP, DE425/434/435/500, D-Link
DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101, DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422,
Cabletron E2100 (den synistatai), Intel EtherExpress (den
synistatai), DEC EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus, oi pio
polles kartes poy basizontai sthn AMD LANCE, NI5210, ni6510, SMC
Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note ethernet, oles oi Zircom
kartes ki oles oi Cabletron kartes ektos apo thn E2100 den
yposthrizontai, epeidh oi kataskeyastes toys den dexontai na
dianemoyn eleu8era plhrofories gia ton programmatismo toys.
H trexoysa yposthrijh gia FDDI perilambanei tis DEFxx kartes apo
thn DEC.
H yposthrijh gia Point-to-Point syndeseis perilambanei ta
prwtokolla PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, kai PLIP.
Seiriakes 8ures:
Ta perissotera boards poy basizontai sto 16450 kai sto 16550
UART, symperilambanomenhs ths AST Fourport, ths Usenet Serial
Card II, kai allwn. Ta intelligent boards poy yposthrizontai
perilambanoyn thn seira Cyclades Cyclom (yposthrizontai apo ton
kataskeyasth), thn seira Comtrol Rocketport (yposthrizontai apo
ton kataskeyasth), Stallion (ta pio polla boards, yposthrizontai
apo ton kataskeyasth), and Digi (merika boards, den
yposthrizontai apo ton kataskeyasth). Merikes ISDN, frame
relay, kai leased line kartes yposthrizontai.
Allo Yliko:
SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound, sxedon
oles oi ypoloipes kartes hxoy, oi pio polles (oles;) oi morfes
pontikiwn (Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2), ktl.
4. Mikros Katalogos Metaferomenwn Programmatwn & Alloy Logismikou
Ta pio polla apo ta koina ergaleia toy Unix exoyn metafer8ei sto
Linux, symperilambanomenwn kai pollwn GNU programmatwn, kai polloi X
pelates apo diafores phges. Bebaia, to ``exoyn metafer8ei'' einai
sxetiko, giati polla programmata mporoun na xtistoun xwris kamia
apolutws allagh, h me tetrimmenes, mikres tropopoihseis, afou to Linux
akoloy8ei to POSIX protypo me arketa kalh akribeia. Dystyxws, den
yparxoyn arketes efarmoges gia aplous xrhstes, alla ayto allazei
synexws. Epikoinwnhste me ton promh8eyth ths agaphmenhs sas Unix
efarmoghs kai rwthste an thn exoyn metaferei sto Linux.
Akoloy8ei enas mikros katalogos logismikou poy einai gnwsto pws trexei
katw apo to Linux:
Basikes Unix Entoles:
ls, tr, sed, awk ki outw ka8ejhs (peite to, to Linux pi8anon na
to exei).
Ergaleia Anaptyjhs Programmatwn:
gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.
Glwsses & Periballonta:
C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp,
kai polles alles.
Grafika Periballonta:
X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), MGR.
Epejergastes Keimenoy:
GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
vim, vile, joe, pico, jed, kai alloi.
Shells:
bash (POSIX sh-symbato), zsh (periexei katastash symbatothtas me
to ksh), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash (kyriws sh-symbato shell
poy to xrhsimopoiei to BSD sth 8esh toy /bin/sh), kai polla
alla.
Epikoinwnies:
Taylor (BNU-symbath) UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, kermit, szrz,
minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term (trexei pollapla shells,
anakatey8unei ton diktyako forto, kai epitrepei apomakrysmenh
prosbash sta X, ola apo mia kai mono grammh modem), Seyon
(dhmofiles programma epikoinwnias gia X-windows), diafora
paketa gia fax kai voice-mail (xrhsimopoiwntas ta ZyXEL kai alla
modems) yparxoyn. Profanws, apomakrysmenh prosbash me login
panw apo seiriakes grammes yposthrizetai.
News kai mail:
C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, pine, ktl.
Epejergasia Keimenoy:
TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML, kai alla.
Paixnidia:
Nethack, diafora Muds kai paixnidia gia X, kai polla alla. An
caxnete gia kati sygkekrimeno, mporeite panta na cajete gia ta
dia8esima paixnidia sto tsx-11 kai sto sunsite.
Oloklhrwmenes Luseis:
AUIS, to Andrew User Interface System. To programma ez einai
meros aytou toy paketoy efarmogwn.
Ola ayta ta programmata (ki ayta den einai oute to ena ekatosto apo
ola osa einai dia8esima) dianemontai dwrean. Emporika paketa exoyn
arxisei kai diati8entai epishs! Rwthste ton promh8eyth toy agaphmenoy
sas emporikou paketoy an yposthrizei to Linux.
5. Poios Xrhsimopoiei to Linux;
To Linux einai eleu8era dia8esimo, kai kaneis den xreiazetai na kanei
kapoioy eidoys registration gia to antigrafo toys me kapoia kentrikh
ejoysiodothmenh omada h atomo, etsi einai polu duskolo na ma8ei kaneis
akribws posoi xrhsimopoioun to Linux. Yparxoyn arketes epixeirhseis
twra poy epibiwnoyn apokleistika poylwntas kai yposthrizontas to Linux
kai einai sxetika mikros o ari8mos twn xrhstwn poy xrhsimopoioun aytes
tis epixeirhseis, kai ta newsgroups toy Linux einai apo ta pio baria
fortwmena se oloklhro to Internet, ara o ari8mos twn xrhstwn toy Linux
einai ths tajews twn ekatontadwn xiliadwn, alla einai mallon adunato
na ma8oyme pragmatika akribh noumera. Parol' ayta, mia gennaia cyxh,
o Harald T. Alvestrand, apofasise na dokimasei, kai zhtaei an
xrhsimopoieite to Linux, na steilete ena mhnyma sthn dieu8ynsh linux-
counter@uninett.no me ena apo ta parakatw subjects: ``I use Linux at
home'', ``I use Linux at work'', or ``I use Linux at home and at
work''. Metraei, epishs, akoma kai tis chfoys tupoy ``I don't use
Linux'', gia kapoio logo. Stelnei tis metrhseis toy sto
comp.os.linux.misc.
6. Pws na Parete to Linux
6.1. Anwnymo FTP
O Matt Welsh exei anakoinwsei ton kainourio toy `Installation and
Getting Started' odhgo, ekdosh 2.2.2. Epishs, to Linux Documentation
Project (to LDP) exei jekinhsei diafora biblia poy briskontai se
diaforetiko stadio oloklhrwshs, ta opoia (biblia) yparxoyn sto
SunSite, ston katalogo /pub/Linux/docs/LDP/. Krathste epafh mesw toy
comp.os.linux.announce. H selida toy Linux Documentation Project
yparxei sto <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>.
Toylaxiston ta parakatw sites kratoun antigrafa toy Linux.
Textual name Numeric address Linux directory
============================= =============== ===============
tsx-11.mit.edu 18.172.1.2 /pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu 152.2.22.81 /pub/Linux
ftp.funet.fi 128.214.248.6 /pub/OS/Linux
net.tamu.edu 128.194.177.1 /pub/linux
ftp.mcc.ac.uk 130.88.203.12 /pub/linux
src.doc.ic.ac.uk 146.169.2.1 /packages/linux
fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de 129.187.200.1 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de 131.159.0.110 /pub/comp/os/linux
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.4.111 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.225.3 /pub/Linux
ftp.Germany.EU.net 192.76.144.75 /pub/os/Linux
ftp.ibp.fr 132.227.60.2 /pub/linux
ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 /systems/unix/linux
wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 mirrors/linux
ftp.win.tue.nl 131.155.70.100 /pub/linux
ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl 131.155.2.71 /pub/linux
srawgw.sra.co.jp 133.137.4.3 /pub/os/linux
cair.kaist.ac.kr /pub/Linux
ftp.denet.dk 129.142.6.74 /pub/OS/linux
NCTUCCCA.edu.tw 140.111.1.10 /Operating-Systems/Linux
nic.switch.ch 130.59.1.40 /mirror/linux
cnuce_arch.cnr.it 131.114.1.10 /pub/Linux
ftp.monash.edu.au 130.194.11.8 /pub/linux
ftp.dstc.edu.au 130.102.181.31 /pub/linux
ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au 129.78.192.2 /pub/linux
To tsx-11.mit.edu kai to fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de einai ta epishma
sites gia ton Linux-GCC (GNU C Compiler gia to Linux). Merika sites
kratoun mirror apo alla sites. Parakaloume na xrhsimopoieite to site
poy einai pio konta (se epipedo diktuoy) se esas opote ayto einai
dynaton.
Toylaxiston to sunsite.unc.edu kai to ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
prosferoyn yphresies ftpmail. Steilte mhnyma sthn dieu8ynsh
ftpmail@sunsite.unc.edu h sthn ftp@informatik.tu-muenchen.de gia
boh8eia.
An niw8ete oti exete xa8ei, dokimaste na koitajete sto
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/, opoy diafores dianomes
prosferontai dwrean. Oi dianomes poy protimountai polu teleytaia
einai oi: Red Hat Linux, Debian, kai Slackware.
6.2. CDROM
Oi pio polloi twra egka8istoun to Linux apo CDROM's. Oi dianomes
exoyn megalwsei se arketes ekatontades MBs apo Linux software, kai to
``katebasma'' olwn aytwn apo ena 28.8 modem pairnei polu wra.
Yparxoyn basika duo tropoi na parei kaneis to Linux se CDROM: san
meros enos archive kapoioy FTP site, h apo ton kataskeyasth ths
sygkekrimenhs dianomhs. An parete kapoio archive, sxedon panta 8a
exete thn eykairia na dialejete anamesa se arketes dianomes, alla
syxna den yparxei yposthrijh. An parete thn dianomh katey8eian apo
ton kataskeyasth, pairnete synh8ws mono mia dianomh, alla tis pio
polles fores exete kai yposthrijh kapoioy eidoys (tis pio polles fores
yposthrijh gia thn diadikasia ths egkatastashs).
6.3. Alloi Tropoi na Parete to Linux
Yparxoyn polles BBS's poy exoyn arxeia gia Linux. Mia lista me aytes
stelnetai syxna sto comp.os.linux.announce. Rwthste filoys kai omades
xrhstwn (user groups), h paraggeilete kapoia apo tis emporikes
dianomes. Mia lista me tis emporikes dianomes yparxei sto ``Linux
distribution HOWTO'', dia8esimo apo to SunSite ston katalogo
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/distribution-HOWTO. H lista
ayth stelnetai kai sto newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce arketa syxna.
7. 3ekinwntas
Opws anafer8hke kai sthn arxh, to Linux den exei kentrikh diaxeirish.
Akribws gi' ayto, den yparxei ``epishmh'' ekdosh poy kapoios 8a
mporouse na deijei kai na pei ``Ayto einai to Linux.'' Anti8eta,
yparxoyn diafores ``dianomes,'' poy einai ligo polu oloklhrwmenes
sylloges apo logismiko sthmeno kai paketarismeno etsi wste na mporei
na ftiaxtei ena Linux susthma.
To prwto pragma poy prepei na kanete einai na parete kai na diabasete
thn lista me tis pio syxnes erwthseis (FAQ) apo ena FTP site, h apo ta
synh8ismena arxeia me ta USENET FAQ (e.g. rtfm.mit.edu). Ayto to
keimeno exei polles odhgies poy sas boh8oun na jekinhsete, ti arxeia
xreiazontai, kai pws na lusete ta pio polla apo ta koina problhmata
(kata thn diarkeia ths egkatastashs h argotera).
8. Nomikh Katastash toy Linux
Parolo poy to Linux dinetai plhres se morfh phgaioy kwdika, einai
copyrighted logismiko, ki oxi public domain. Einai, omws, eleu8era
dia8esimo ypo toys oroys ths GNU General Public License, poy merikes
fores apokaleitai kai ``copyleft''. Diabaste thn GPL gia perissoteres
plhrofories. Ta programmata poy trexoyn katw apo to Linux exoyn thn
dikh toy adeia xrhshs, parolo poy polla apo ayta dianemontai ki ayta
me thn GPL, opws kai to idio to Linux. Ta X xrhsimopoioun thn adeia
toy MIT gia ta X, kai merika apo ta programmata dianemontai me toys
oroys toy BSD copyright. Se opoiadhpote periptwsh, pantws, olo to
logismiko sto FTP site einai eleu8era dia8esimo (alliws den 8a prepe
an einai ekei).
9. Nea gia to Linux
Ena mhniaio periodiko, poy legetai ``Linux Journal'', exei jekinhsei
panw apo dyo xronia twra. Periexei ar8ra, ta opoia apey8unontai se
ola ta epipeda gnwshs, kai exei skopo na einai boh8hma gia oloys toys
xrhstes toy Linux. H syndromh gia ena etos einai $22 sths HPA, $27
ston Kanada kai to Mejiko, kai $32 opoydhpote allou, panta se
nomismata twn HPA. Aithseis syndromhs mporoun na staloun mesw
hlektronikou taxydromeioy sthn dieu8ynsh subs@ssc.com, h mesw fax sto
thlefwno +1-206-782-7191, h mesw aplou thlefwnhmatos sto
+1-206-782-7733, h mesw aplou taxydromeioy sthn dieu8ynsh: Linux
Journal, PO Box 85867, Seattle, WA 98145-1867 USA. H etaireia SSC,
poy ekdidei thn Linux Journal, dia8etei ena dhmosio PGP kleidi gia na
kwdikopoihsete to hlektroniko gramma sas gia na prostateusete ton
ari8mo ths pistwtikhs sas kartas; apla kante ``finger info@ssc.com''
gia na parete to kleidi.
Yparxoyn polla USENET newsgroups gia syzhthseis poy aforoun to Linux,
kai polles listes hlektronikou taxydromeioy. Deite to `Linux FAQ' h
to `Hellenic Linux FAQ' gia perissoteres plhrofories gia tis
hlektronikes listes.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce einai ena moderated newsgroup gia
anakoinwseis sxetika me to Linux (nea programmata, bug fixes, etc).
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers einai ena moderated newsgroup sto
opoio to Linux FAQ, ta HOWTO keimena, kai alla boh8htika keimena
stelnontai.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.admin einai ena aplo newsgroup gia
syzhthseis poy aforoun thn diaxeirish enos Linux systhmatos.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.system einai ena aplo newsgroup
eidika gia syzhthseis poy aforoun thn anaptyjh toy Linux kernel. Oi
mones erwthseis gia efarmoges poy mporoun an ginoyn edw einai gia
efarmoges poy exoyn amesh sxesh me to idio to kernel. Oles oi alles
erwthseis einai, pi8anon, sxetikes me anaptyjh Unix efarmogwn kai
armozoyn pio polu se ena newsgroup ths comp.unix.* ierarxias, ektos ki
an exoyn sxesh me anaptyjh efarmogwn poy trexoyn apokleistika katw apo
Linux, opote einai pio swsto na katey8unontai sto
comp.os.linux.development.apps.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.apps einai ena aplo newsgroup
eidika gia syzhthseis poy aforoun thn anaptyjh efarmogwn katw apo
Linux. Den einai to katallhlo meros gia na rwthsete poy 8a parete
efarmoges gia Linux, oute ena meros gia ekeinoys poy 8eloyn na doyn
kapoies efarmoges na trexoyn katw apo to Linux.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.hardware einai gia erwthseis poy exoyn
sxesh me thn xrhsh toy ylikou (hardware) katw apo Linux.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.networking einai gia erwthseis poy exoyn
sxesh me thn anaptyjh programmatwn poy xrhsimopoioun tis diktyakes
yphresies toy Linux, kai oti allo exei sxesh me thn diktyakh
yposthrijh toy Linux.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.x einai gia erwthseis sxetikes me to Linux
kai ta X Windows.
To newsgroup comp.os.linux.misc einai ayto poy antikatesthse to
comp.os.linux, kai exei ws skopo thn syzhthsh 8ematwn poy den
empiptoyn se kapoio allo newsgroup.
Genika, mhn stelnete to idio mhnyma se polla newsgroups toy Linux
(crossposting). H monh periptwsh poy ayto einai apodekto einai otan
stelnete kati se kapoio aplo Linux newsgroup (oxi moderated) kai
taytoxrona to stelnete kai sto comp.os.linux.announce. H genikh idea
ths diaspashs toy comp.os.linux se polla newsgroups einai na moiras8ei
o fortos se polla newsgroups. Osoi den akoloy8oun ton parapanw kanona
8a exoyn thn xara na paroyn arketa eygenikotata kai dwrean flames.
To Linux exei thn selida toy sto Web sthn dieu8ynsh
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP> .
10. To Mellon
Afotoy to Linux 1.0 anakoinw8hke, h doyleia exei proxwrhsei
pros8etontas diafora xarakthristika. To Linux 1.2 perieixe beltiwseis
sth taxuthta prospelashs twn diskwn, beltiwseis twn termatikwn,
beltiwseis ths eikonikhs mnhmhs (virtual memory), yposthrijh gia
polles platformes, quotas, kai alla polla. To Linux 2.0, h trexoysa
sta8erh ekdosh, exei akoma pio polles beltiwseis, eidika sto 8ema ths
apodoshs, arketa kainouria prwtokolla diktuwn, mia apo tis taxuteres
ylopoihseis toy TCP/IP poy yparxoyn, kai polla, polla alla. Akomh pio
kalh apodosh, pio polla diktyaka prwtokolla kai polloi odhgoi syskeywn
8a einai dia8esimoi me to Linux 2.2.
Akomh kai me perissoteres apo 3/4 toy ekatommyrioy grammes kwdika sto
kernel, yparxei akomh polus kwdikas poy apomenei na graftei, kai polla
boh8htika keimena. Parakaloume ginete melos ths hlektronikhs listas
linux-doc@vger.rutgers.edu an 8elete na prosferete sto gracimo
boh8htikwn keimenwn. Steilte ena hlektroniko gramma ston
majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu me mia mono grammh, poy 8a periexei thn
lejh ``help'' sto kyriws swma toy mhnumatos (oxi to Subject).
11. Ayto to Keimeno
Ayto to keimeno enhmerwnetai apo ton Gewrgio E. Keramida,
<keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>. Einai amesh metafrash toy agglikou Linux
Info Sheet, to opoio diathrei enhmerwmeno o Michael K. Johnson,
<johnsonm@redhat.com>. Parakalw steilte moy hlektronika grammata me
opoiadhpote sxolia sas, akomh kai ta pio mikra. Den mporw na kanw
kalh doyleia enhmerwnontas ayto to keimeno, xwris thn dikh sas
boh8eia. Ena ligo-polu prosfato antigrafo aytou toy keimenoy yparxei
sto <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/translations/Hellenic>.
12. Nomika & Alla
Ta trademarks, poy periexontai se ayto to keimeno, anhkoyn se aytous
poy ta exoyn katoxyrwsei. Den parexetai kamia egguhsh gia tis
plhrofories aytou toy keimenoy. Xrhsimopoihste kai dianeimete to me
dikh sas ey8unh. To periexomeno toy keimenoy einai public domain,
alla sas parakalw na eiste eygenikoi kai na kanete tis katallhles
anafores otan to xrhsimopoieite.