HELLENIC HOWTO
Fotis Georgatos <gef@hellug.gr>
Ekdosh 0.991127, 11-27-1999
Ayto to keimeno periexei plhrofories gia thn ru8mish toy Linux gia
yposthrijh twn idiaiterothtwn twn Ellhnwn kai ths ellhnikhs glwssas.
This document is part of Hellenic (el) LDP project: http://www.hel
lug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Eisagwgh
1.1 Synthrhsh toy Hellenic-HOWTO
1.2 Morfopoihseis toy Hellenic-HOWTO
1.3 Tropopoihseis
1.4 Spondes
1.5 Pneymatika dikaiwmata kai adeia xrhshs.
1.6 Note to english users & Copyright
2. Egkatastash
2.1 Egkatastash ellhnikwn
2.2 Xrhsimes symboyles
2.3 Suse
2.4 Redhat
2.5 Slackware
2.6 Pros8etes ry8miseis
3. Ry8miseis Ellhnikwn
3.1 Ellhnikes grammatoseires
3.1.1 GRAFIS
3.1.2 Truetype
3.1.3 Kanena ergaleio gia na ftiajw fonts;
3.2 Konsola (text mode)
3.2.1 Greek-console
3.2.2 Pyrhnes 2.2 kai ellhnika
3.2.3 Loipa programmata gia konsola
3.3 Grafiko periballon (Xwindows)
3.3.1 GRkbd
3.3.2 KiKbd
3.3.3 xgrk
3.3.4 grISOXKb
3.4 Zwnh wras (Timezone)
3.4.1 tzHellas
3.4.2 EET.zic
3.5 Ektypwseis
3.5.1 Plain text se text ektypwth poy yposthrizei ellhnika.
3.5.2 Plain text se ektypwth poy den yposthrizei ellhnika.
3.5.3 Typwnontas ellhniko PostScript keimeno.
3.5.3.1 Tropopoiwntas to Fontmap
3.5.3.2 Fontmap, pros8etes luseis
3.5.3.3 grpsfilter
3.6 Pws kanw mount ena windows partition;
3.7 Pws na gracw ena CD sto Linux;
4. Efarmoges
4.1 bash
4.2 csh/tcsh
4.3 ls
4.4 more
4.5 less
4.6 a2ps
4.7 genscript
4.8 vi
4.9 joe
4.10 emacs
4.11 xemacs
4.12 pine
4.13 elm
4.14 metamail
4.15 telnet
4.16 rlogin
4.17 xterm
4.18 rxvt
4.19 minicom
4.20 samba
4.21 ispell
4.22 Midnight Commander
4.23 Staroffice
4.24 Netscape
4.24.1 Netscape widgets
4.24.2 Netscape fonts
5. National Language Support
5.1 Proetoimasia
5.2 Egkatastash Ellhnikwn Locale
5.2.1 Egkatastash Ellhnikwn mhnymatwn diaforwn efarmogwn
5.3 Egkatastash toy tcsh
5.4 Ry8miseis diaforwn efarmogwn
5.5 Problhmata
5.5.1 Problhmata me thn C Library (libc)
5.5.2 Problhmata me ta X
5.5.3 Problhmata poy dhmioyrgountai otan ola einai swsta ;-)
5.6 Epipleon plhrofories
6. Tex/LaTex
6.1 To project BABEL
6.2 Prospa8eies ejellhnismou toy Tex/LaTex
6.3 Sundesmoi gia Tex/LaTex
7. Hlektronikh tekmhriwsh kai biblia
7.1 Linux Documentation Project
7.2 Periodika
7.3 Biblia eidika gia Linux
7.4 Unix gia Arxarioys
7.5 Unix gia Proxwrhmenoys
7.6 Diaxeirish Systhmatos
7.7 Asfaleia Systhmatos sto Unix
7.8 Unix kai Internet
7.9 Ellhnika biblia gia to UNIX
8. To Linux sthn Ellada
8.1 Listes kai omades syzhthsewn (Newsgroups)
8.2 IRC
8.3 Fidonet
8.4 Omades Ellhnwn Xrhstwn toy Linux
8.4.1 HELLUG
8.4.2 PLUG
8.4.3 TheLUG
8.5 Egw pws mporw na boh8hsw
8.6 Internet Sites
8.6.1 WWW
8.6.2 FTP
8.6.3 Komboi ths Allodaphs :-)
8.7 Dianomes kai CD
8.8 Bibliopwleia kai dianomeis twn CD
9. FAQ
9.1 Pws jekinhse to Linux;
9.2 Ti logoys exw gia na egkatasthsw to Linux;
9.3 Pws mporw na ma8w ta basika gia to Linux;
9.4 Symbatothta;
9.5 Ti SOFTWARE yposthrizetai;
9.6 Ti einai to compile toy pyrhna;
9.7 Ti einai ayto to SIG11;
9.8 Yparxoyn alla eleu8era Unix;
9.9 Basikh orologia
10. Pinakes xarakthrwn, character sets
10.1 Typopoihseis twn ellhnikwn
10.2 737
10.2.1 Tropopoihsh pyrhna gia yposthrijh 737
10.2.2 737 se X-windows
10.3 928
10.3.1 Windows-1253
10.4 Unicode
10.4.1 Unicode Links
10.5 Metatropeis ellhnikwn
10.5.1 gr2gr
10.5.2 grfilter
10.5.3 greek2lat
10.5.4 trans120.tar.gz
10.5.5 gkconv
10.5.6 recode
10.6 Tupoi arxeiwn kai metatroph toys
10.7 Ti yparxei akoma sto Internet sxetika me ellhnika;
11. TODO
11.1 sgmlutils
11.2 groff
11.3 KDE
11.4 vim,viH
11.5 nn
11.6 tin
11.7 mtools
11.8 jove
11.9 pcal
11.10 kermit
11.11 SHMEIWSEIS
______________________________________________________________________
1. Eisagwgh
Ayto to keimeno exei syllegmenes plhrofories gia thn ru8mish toy
leitoyrgikou systhmatos Linux gia thn yposthrijh ths ellhnikhs
glwssas. Skopos DEN einai h apanthsh genikwn problhmatwn, alla monon
aytwn poy sxetizontai me thn ellhnikh glwssa kai tis idiaiterothtes
enos Ellhna xrhsth, symperilambanomenwn:
· ths yposthrijhs ellhnikwn se console mode kai Xwindows,
· ths xrhshs ellhnikwn se efarmoges,
· ths or8ografias,
· ths epikoinwnias me alloys Ellhnes xrhstes.
Gia mia grhgorh ``'' anatrejate sto antistoixo kefalaio.
Parakalw, na exete yp' ocin sas oti oi odhgies gia ta ellhnika mporei
na mhn xreiazontai h na einai mhn isxuoyn me akribeia sthn periptwsh
sas. Ayto px symbainei ej' aitias mikrodiaforwn metaju twn dianomwn
(Debian, Suse, Redhat, OpenLinux klp), h epeidh me ton kairo oi luseis
poy paroysiazontai edw enswmatwnontai stis dianomes.
1.1. Synthrhsh toy Hellenic-HOWTO
H synthrhsh aytou toy keimenoy ginetai apo ton Gewrgato Fwth
<gef@hellug.gr > kai h pio teleytaia ekdosh 8a brisketai sto URL:
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/HOWTO/
To keimeno ayto 8a mporeite na to breite epishs edw:
· http://www.hellug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/Hellenic-HOWTO.html
· http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Hellenic-HOWTO.html
· ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/HOWTO
1.2. Morfopoihseis toy Hellenic-HOWTO
To HOWTO ayto yparxei stis ejhs morfopoihseis:
· Hellenic-HOWTO.html html me Ellhnika 928 (moiazoyn me ta
windows-1253)
· Hellenic-HOWTO.html einai greeklish (xrhsimo prin sth8oun ta
ellhnika)
· Hellenic-HOWTO.sgml Einai o phgaios kwdikas toy HOWTO, poy se
syndiasmo me ta sgml-tools paragei ola ta ypoloipa.
1.3. Tropopoihseis
Gia opoiodhpote metatroph/sxoliasmo toy HOWTO, parakalw epikoinwneiste
mazi moy sto gef@hellug.gr me subject: HELLENIC-HOWTO. Ean breite
la8h h anakribeies sto keimeno, dhlwste to. Epishs analambanw thn
or8ografia, tonismo kai syntaktiko elegxo gia ta keimena, xwris ayto
na shmainei oti 8a einai ola panta teleia :-)
Istoriko allagwn:
· 0.00 Anakoinwsh enarjhs toy keimenoy sthn lista linux-greek-users
(Ioulios 97)
· 0.01 Basikos skeletos toy HOWTO
· 0.1 Pros8hkh keimenoy ar8rwn, epikollhsh jenwn tmhmatwn.
· 0.2 Pros8hkes/Allages 2.4.3, 3.2.x, 6, 3.3.3
· 0.3 Genikes allages
· 0.4 Pros8hkes/Allages/Epalh8eysh 3.x
· 0.5 Allagh 2.5
· 0.6 Pros8hkes me bash to NLS FAQ
· 0.7 Organwsh se SGML kai anakoinwsh uparjhs sth lista.
· 0.8 To "eyxaristies" egine "spondes" kai alla polla :-)
· 0.9 Pros8hkh kefalaioy Netscape, Timezone, dior8wseis
· 0.9p1-4 Dokimes efarmogwn me ta ellhnika
· 0.9p5,6,7,8 Proetoimasia gia telikh ekdosh
· 0.9905*,06* prefinal versions
{ Ta tmhmata poy einai mesa se agkistra, einai proswrina, kai den 8a
yparxoyn sthn ekdosh 1.0 } { akyro, 8a meinoyn } { Ta tmhmata poy
exoyn (???) xreiazontai epalh8eysh h pros8hkes}
1.4. Spondes
Ta gnwsta credits :-)
Eyxaristw idiaitera ton 'Aggelo Xaritsh <ah@computer.org> ( gnwstos
gia tis ergasies toy gurw apo ta ellhnika twn UNIX sto HRI ), gia tis
ektetamenes pros8hkes kai ypodeijeis toy.
Polutimh, epishs, htan h boh8eia twn:
· Tasos Kapios <fadom@ccf.auth.gr> ( Kefalaio gia National Language
Support )
· Keramidas Giwrgos <keramida@hellug.gr> ( Kefalaio gia Tex/LaTex kai
alla polla)
· Kojaras Arhs <koxaras@ceid.upatras.gr> ( Kefalaio gia Netscape )
· Panagiwths Brywnhs <vrypan@hellug.gr,
http://members.xoom.com/Vrypan > ( Kefalaio gia Grammatoseires,
Ektypwseis kai alla )
· Swthrhs Tsimpwnhs <tsimbonis@forthnet.gr>,
· Antwnhs Kabarnos <akav@hellug.gr>,
· Papadhmhtrioy Spuros <spapadim@csd.uch.gr>.
· Giannhs Mhtsos <gmitsos@duth.gr>.
Gia th syggrafh toy keimenoy aytou xrhsimeysan san prwtes phges ta:
· linux-danish-howto (Thomas Petersen),
· linux-italian-howto (Marco Gaio Gaiarin)
1.5. Pneymatika dikaiwmata kai adeia xrhshs.
Oi aparaithtes dieykrinhseis...
Ta pneymatika dikaiwmata aytou toy HOWTO anhkoyn ston Gewrgato Fwth,
alla epitrepetai h dianomh ypo toys akoloy8oys oroys:
Ektos kai an orizetai diaforetika, ta keimena "Linux HOWTO" einai
katoxyrwmena apo toys antistoixoys syggrafeis toys. Ta "Linux HOWTO"
mporoun na anaparagontai kai dianemontai ej' oloklhroy h merikws, me
ka8e meso fysiko h hlektroniko, arkei ayth paragrafos gia ta
pneymatika dikaiwmata, na diathreitai se ka8e antigrafo. Emporikh
epanadianomh epitrepetai kai malista endeiknytai. Par' ola ayta o
syggrafeas 8a h8ele na einai enhmerwmenos se tetoies periptwseis.
Oles oi metafraseis, paragomenes ergasies, h syn8eseis poy
perilambanoyn opoiodhpote "Linux HOWTO" prepei na kaluptontai apo
aythn thn adeia. Dhladh, den epitrepetai h paragwgh ylikou prokupton
apo ayto kai h epibolh se ayto epipros8etwn periorismwn oson afora thn
diadosh toy. Ejaireseis mporoun na ginoyn kata periptwsh. Gia
perissoteres plhrofories epikoinwnhste me ton syntonisth twn Linux
HOWTO.
En syntomia, epi8ymeitai h diadosh aytwn twn plhroforiwn diamesoy oson
perissoterwn tropwn einai efikto. Par' ola ayta diathrountai ta
pneymatika dikaiwmata twn keimenwn "Linux HOWTO", kai einai epi8ymhth
h enhmerwsh gia opoiodhpote sxedio dianomhs aytwn.
Gia perissoteres plhrofories, epikoinwnhste me ton Greg Hankins,
syntonisth twn Linux HOWTO sto email: gregh@metalab.unc.edu, h sto
thlefwno +1 404 853 9989.
Eidika, gia thn ellhnikh ekdosh epikoinwnhste me ton Gewrgato Fwth,
sto: gef@hellug.gr
1.6. Note to english users & Copyright
* This document explains how to setup hellenic (greek) support under
Linux. This includes the environment for greek users, as well as
details on the configuration of applications. The document is written
in modern hellenic ISO-8859-7, but you may find a "greeklish" version
as well. Hellenic HOWTO is maintained by Fotis Georgatos
<gef@hellug.gr> *
Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and
distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic,
as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
like to be notified of any such distributions.
All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.
In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
redistribute the HOWTOs.
If you have questions, please contact Greg Hankins, the Linux HOWTO
coordinator, at gregh@metalab.unc.edu via email, or at +1 404 853
9989.
2. Egkatastash
Quickstart gia Ellhnes xrhstes:
· Rijte mia matia oti yposthrizetai to hardware sas sto Hardware-
HOWTO.
· Sthste mia apo tis dianomes ``'', ``'', ``'', Debian, OpenLinux.
Agoraste tis h antigracte tis (epitrepetai!) apo to Internet:
http://www.hellug.gr/gr/whatislinux/download.html.
· Ry8miste to susthma sas na synergazetai me ton ektypwth, to
pontiki, to modem, kai na shkwnei to grafiko periballon me ton
window manager poy 8elete.
· Sthste ta ellhnika. Bl. epomeno ypokefalaio ``''
· Ry8miste tis efarmoges (``'', Staroffice, shells kyriws) gia ta
ellhnika.
2.1. Egkatastash ellhnikwn
Ta bhmata diaferoyn apo dianomh se dianomh, polu perissotero twra poy
ta ellhnika enswmatwnontai siga siga, stis diafores dianomes
(Noembrios 1999).
Ean den exete hdh ellhnika, loipon:
· Greek-console Sthste to ``'', gia na exete ellhnika sthn konsola me
aristero alt-shift. rpm -i greek-console-1.1.0-3.i386.rpm.
Shmeiwste oti kanonika den 8a deite ellhnika sto prompt, alla mono
mesa se editor, kai afou zhthsete chcp 928 gia to fortwma ellhnikwn
fonts.
· GRAFIS Sthste tis grammatoseires ``'', gia ta Xwindows: xfntgr.rpm
· GRkbd Sthste to ``'' (odhgos plhktrologioy), gia na mporeite na
grafete ellhnika sta Xwindows. GRkbd-1.2-1.i386.rpm
· XFGreekKBD Ean to prohgoumeno (grkbd) gia kapoio logo den doylecei,
katebaste ayto. Einai shmantika pio poluplokos o tropos
leitoyrgias toy apo to grkbd, eseis apla sthste to me thn entolh
rpm -i XFGreekKBD-1.2-2.noarch.rpm
2.2. Xrhsimes symboyles
· To periodiko magaz exei polla ar8ra poy einai ejeidikeymena panw se
8emata poy apasxoloun polu kosmo px Tex/Latex, Samba, Staroffice,
XISP, KDE, bash, Ellhnika, NLS klp. To magaz exei plh8os apo
erwthseis poy exoyn ginei sto parel8on, kai ligo polu oi erwthseis
epanalambanontai.
· Afierwste arketo xrono diabazontas gia na enhmerw8eite gurw apo to
problhma poy caxnete, MHN paraleicete na diabasete ta HOWTO kai FAQ
(/usr/doc/faq) toy LDP project.
· Prospa8hste opwsdhpote na kanete cajimo se palies erwthseis. Oi
erwthseis panw se 8emata hdh apanthmena einai baretes. Yajte
sxetika 8emata apo thn selida http://lists.hellug.gr/archives.
· Ean synanthsete problhmata, oi Ellhnes xrhstes 8a mporoun na
boh8hsoyn mesa apo thn lista linux-greek-users, ta newsgroups h ta
sxetika IRC channels. Epishs apo ekei 8a parete symboyles, gia to
pws 8a ry8misete swsta to susthma sas.
· Ta die8nh newsgroups comp.os.linux* einai epishs xrhsima, px
news://comp.os.linux.misc
· Mhn stelnete proswpiko email se kapoion, giati spania yparxei o
xronos gia apanthsh. Anti8eta protimhste thn lista h to newsgroup,
opoy h pi8anothta na parete apanthsh einai polu megaluterh. PX,
sto diko moy mailbox, syxna ftanoyn grammata aytou toy tupoy:
me lene Xxxxx spoudazo yyyyyyy kai arxisa na asxoloumai me to linux.
Tha ithela na mou peis pou mporo na bro to programma.
oti theleis na mou to steileis sto zzz@zzzzzzzzzz.zz
Den apantw tetoia email, eidika otan to HOWTO kai to FAQ exoyn tis
apanthseis, antistoixa prattoyn kai alloi. Deite kai ayto ean den
peisthkate: Tinamhnkanete.html
2.3. Suse
· Mia katatmhsh toy diskoy me 1Gb einai logikh epilogh gia to Suse,
ka8ws erxetai me polla paketa poy 8a 8elete na dokimasete (oxi oti
den mporeite na to sthsete se 40Mb).
· Ekkinhste thn egkatastash apo th disketa h to 1o CD.
· Mesa apo to periballon egkatastashs epilejte poy 8a mpei to
leitoyrgiko, me ti parametroys, kai poia programmata 8a balete.
· Afou akoloy8hsete tis odhgies poy exei sthn o8onh, 8a katalhjete
sta telika stadia ry8misewn mesa apo to Yast, ayto einai to
ergaleio me to opoio ginetai administration, ean den exete empeiria
me UNIX.
· Ry8miste pontiki, karta diktuoy, ektypwth, scanner, modem mesa apo
to yast.
· Molis jemperdecete kai me ayto, trejte to sax, ayto ry8mizei to
grafiko periballon.
· Mia kalh idea einai paijete me to KDE (sthste to apo to yast ean
den to exete hdh kanei), kai na synde8eite me to Internet me to
kppp, ean exete dialup sundesh.
· To suse perilambanei to applixware office suite, poy mporei na
antikatasthsei to office twn windows. Enallaktika yparxei to
dwrean staroffice, poy 8a prepei na sthsete me ton kwdiko toy apo
ton kombo ths stardivision, http://www.stardivision.com.
· Ta Netscape, nedit, x11amp einai se pollous xrhsima.
· Palaioteres ekdoseis toy Suse exoyn ston katalogo gia NLS "gr_GR"
anti gia "el_GR" poy einai to or8otero. 3eperaste to problhma me
thn entolh "ln -s el_GR gr_GR".
Mia prwth entupwsh apo to Suse eixe paroysiastei sto magaz,
http://magaz.hellug.gr/05/03_suse.html, me idiaitera eynoikh
kritikh (einai h protimhsh toy grafontos, toylaxiston gia to
1998-99, giati einai 8bit clean kai yposthrizei kala to NLS).
Agoraste to mazi me to egxeiridio kai den 8a xasete.
2.4. Redhat
Einai antistoixh me toy Suse se megalo ba8mo, edw den thn perigrafoyme
analytika. Deite review enos palaioteroy distribution apo to magaz,
http://magaz.hellug.gr/01/06_redhatinst.html kai mia analytikh
perigrafh gia to pws 8a to kanete na synergazetai me ta ellhnika
http://magaz.hellug.gr/13/03_grredhat2.html.
2.5. Slackware
As ypo8esoyme oti egka8istoume thn dianomh Slackware:
· Epibebaiwse oti to susthma soy exei xwro ( Proteinetai 1 partition
512Mb )
· Promh8eusoy to apo kapoio FTP site (bl. ``'') h agorase to se CDROM
(bl. ``''), kalutera to deutero. Proteinetai to Slackware 3.6, apo
to Developer's Resource ths Infomagic h allh syllogh.
· Ftiaje thn Boot kai thn Root disketa {5 Lepta}
· 3ekina thn egkatastash. Ean eisai arxarios, kalon 8a einai na
epilejeis Typical Installation. Ru8mise to Lilo gia na kaneis
reboot. {30 Lepta}
· Epanekkinhse to susthma kai mpes sto Linux, gia prwth fora, san
root (den 8elei password) {2 Lepta}
· Allaje to root password me thn entolh passwd
Pleon 8a exeis ena susthma poy doyleuei, alla prepei na kaneis akoma
ta ejhs:
· Phgaine ston ypokatalogo /usr/src/linux, kai ftiaje pyrhna gia to
mhxanhma soy. {10+20 Lepta}
· Egkatesthse ton neo pyrhna me to Lilo, kai epanekkinhse to susthma
soy {5 Lepta}
· Treje to script XF86config, kai ftiaje to arxeio /etc/XF86config.
Twra exeis Xwindows (dokimase X -probeonly, startx)
· Ean syndeesai me to Internet me dial-up, katebase kai egkatesthse
to Netscape Communicator gia browser, mailer, news reader. H
teleytaia ekdosh einai synh8ws edw:
ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/www/Netscape/ Ru8mise ta ellhnika toy.
· XISP gia na syndeesai sto Internet eukola. Polu kalo kai einai kai
Ellhna (Petros Mpouras).
2.6. Pros8etes ry8miseis
· Oi xrhmatistes as anatrejoyn sxetika me to euro (8a periexetai sto
latin0=iso8859-15) sthn dieu8ynsh ftp://ftp.freshmeat.net/pub/euro-
patch/EURO-1.4.tgz
· Egkatesthse ton ektypwth soy. H diadikasia diaferei apo periptwsh
se periptwsh, alla sxedon panta xreiazetai to Ghostscript. Xrhsimo
einai to a2ps.
· Egkatesthse paketa poy se endiaferoyn opws Word processors,
sxediastika, klp. Pi8anotata 8a breis polu boliko gia epejergasia
keimenoy to Nedit.
· Mhn jexaseis na rijeis mia matia sta alla FAQs kai HOWTOs (einai
sta agglika)
· Osoi exoyn synh8isei ton Norton Commander apo to DOS, 8a
epitaxunoyn polu thn ergasia toys me ton Midnight Commander.
· Osoi einai pragmatika polu synh8ismenoi sto DOS, mporoun na
xrhsimopoihsoyn ton emulator DOSEMU toy Linux, me ton opoio 8a
einai dynaton na trejoyn tis perissoteres efarmoges DOS, katw apo
Linux. Genika den yparxei problhma me ta ellhnika toy DOS katw apo
X h konsola alla isws xreiastei na kanete kapoies ry8miseis.
· Osoi 8eloyn efarmoges Windows yparxei gia aytous to Wabi apo thn
Sun, poy trexei plh8wra efarmogwn symperilambanomenoy kai toy
Office. To Wabi omws stoixizei 200$, gia ayto... dokimaste to
Wine, Poy prosfata exei arxisei kai deixnei shmadia shmantikhs
beltiwshs.
· Gia window manager proteinoyme to KDE: http://www.kde.org/
3. Ry8miseis Ellhnikwn
Oloi oi Eyrwpaioi xrhstes opoioydhpote leitoyrgikou systhmatos, exoyn
duo problhmata: To prwto einai h emfanish twn eidikwn xarakthrwn
(grammatwn) ths glwssas, kai to deutero einai na enhmerwsoyn ton
ypologisth gia thn allagh toy plhktrologioy. Malista ta pragmata
einai xeirotera, giati oi efarmoges den perimenoyn eidikous xarakthres
kai syxna apaitoun eidikes ry8miseis h metablhtes periballontos.
Gia thn emfanish twn xarakthrwn xreiazetai na jeroyn oi efarmoges oti
xrhsimopoieitai to set 737 h to 928 (=ISO-8859-7 h Latin-7).
Epipros8eta 8a xreiastoun grammatoseires wste na fainontai kai na
typwnontai swsta ta ellhnika.
Gia mia grhgorh egkatastash ellhnikwn deite to antistoixo kefalaio:
``''
3.1. Ellhnikes grammatoseires
Gia grammatoseires gia Tex, blepe ``''
3.1.1. GRAFIS
To egxeirhma GRAFIS exei skopo na syllejei oles tis ellhnikes
grammatoseires gia X-Windows poy kykloforoun eleu8eres (PUBLIC DOMAIN)
sto Diktyo, na tis omadopoihsei kata tupo h/kai xarakthristika, na
dior8wsei tyxon la8h poy aytes exoyn, na dhmioyrghsei nees
grammatoseires kai telos, na tis paradwsei sthn Ellhnikh koinothta ws
public domain. Hdh to exei petuxei, deite
http://hq.hellug.gr/~graphis/
To GRAFIS perilambanei OLA ta prohgoumena paketa me kales ellhnikes
grammatoseires poy exoyn kykloforhsei kata kairous:
· X11-Greek-Fonts (P. Christias, 1994),
· X11greek (P. Christias, 1996)
· greekXfonts-misc, (A. Haritsis, 1995)
· hrgrXfonts-75dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )
· hrgrXfonts-100dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )
· greekXfonts-BDF-1.1, ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)
· greekXfonts-Type-1.1, ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)
· XgreekFonts (Moraitakis Konstantinos, 1997)
· XFGreekFNTS (Panagiotis Vrionis, 1998?)
· elot7x14 + elot7x14B (A. Kavarnos, 1997)
· helv_R_O_10gr+helv_R_08gr+lutB_12_14gr (P. Bouras, 1998-9)
=====================================================================
Shmeiwseis apo Aggelo Xaritsi [ah@computer.org]:
* ta Type1 (k.a.) 928 fonts moy exoyn to A tonoymeno se 2 theseis wste na
einai symbata me windows texts. Epishs exoyn kai ta symbola poy leipoyn.
* to kbd support gia ellhnika sto rxvt (poy exw kanei contribute) exei
yposthriksh gia anw teleia kai ellhnika omoiwmatika kathws epishs
kai grammata me tono/dialytika. Ola ayta prepei na perasoyn
se X11 xkb-style (ala grISOXKb).
* X11greek:
Den iksera oti den bgainei h payla! An typwseis to PS bgainei
kanonika. Ara mallon einai bug toy X Type1 rasteriser.
BTW, exw kanei ki ena aplo filtro (grpsfilter) poy epitrepei printing
greek texts mesa apo Netscape. Des parakatw!
H lysh poy allazei ola ta ksena fonts se ellhnika den einai swsth.
To greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz egine me skopo:
* na mazepsei ta pio kala greek fonts poy yphrxan sto diktyo
Exei ta grtex/grtt kai polla alla: grfixed, couriergr, helveticagr.
Akoma fonts kai se 737 encodings.
* na xrhsimopoihsei "swsta" (XLFD) kai omoiogenh font names
* na prosferei Type1 scalable fonts ypshlhs poiothtas (ta opoia
prosferontai kai xwrista) - grinet
* na doyleyei trasnsparently me Netscape
=====================================================================
3.1.2. Truetype
Teleytaia yparxei h dynatothta na xrhsimopoihsei kaneis kai Truetype
grammatoseires, me ena true-type font engine kai metatropeis, idanika
gia osoys exoyn sylloges apo grammatoseires gia Windows/Mac. Deite
http://www.freetype.org/ kai gia na sthsete true type grammatoseires
sto magaz http://magaz.hellug.gr/10/05_TTFlinux.html.
3.1.3. Kanena ergaleio gia na ftiajw fonts;
Ti fonts, bitmap (px. PCF/BDF) h Scalable (p.x. Type1, TTF) ;
Gia to prwto yparxoyn diafora (xmbdfed polu kalo, xfedor oxi kai toso)
Gia to deutero tipota oysiastiko (dystyxws). Dystyxws oti yparxei se
styl Fontographer kai Icarus einai se polu alpha stadio. To mono
sobaro programma kai kata th gnwmh moy to kalutero einai to METAFONT
alla 8elei diabasma.
Yparxei mia polu endiaferoysa selida sto diktyo:
http://members.iworld.net/bumchul/xfont.html Sthn selida ayth 8a brei
kaneis - ektos apo plhrofories gia to pws 8a balei kainouria fonts sto
mhxanhma toy- ergaleia metatrophs: px to ttftobdf. Epishs yparxei to
bdftopcf.
Endiaferoysa einai epishs kai h selida:
http://user.online.be/gd33771/download.html me mia poikilia ttf fonts
(px. gia na mporei kaneis na grafei got8ika se xterm)
3.2. Konsola (text mode)
Oi teleytaies dianomes prepei na exoyn ta ellhnika enswmatwmena.
Trejte:
#setfont iso07.f16
#loadkeys gr
Ean den deite mynhmata la8oys, tote exete ellhnika sthn konsola hdh,
allazoyn me aristero ALT-SHIFT.
YP' OYIN: STO SHELL (bash, tcsh) DEN EXEI ELLHNIKA, KANONIKA.
DOKIMASTE SE ENAN EDITOR, PX JOE,VI.
3.2.1. Greek-console
Sthn konsola mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete to greek-console toy Giwrgoy
Keramida. Yposthrizei kai 737 kai 928, enw exei kai eukolh egkatastash
me rpm. Ta ellhnika fainontai me "chcp 737" kai "chcp 928" kai
(ap)energopoiountai me (aristera) ALT-SHIFT. Epishs to deji ALT
allazei stigmiaia to plhktrologio.
3.2.2. Pyrhnes 2.2 kai ellhnika
H nea genia pyrhnwn 2.2.x (kai ara kai oi 2.3.x), exoyn neo kwdika gia
thn diaxeirish ths o8onhs se text mode (einai pleon me framebuffer)
kai gia ayto yparxoyn problhmata sthn yposthrijh twn ellhnikwn sthn
konsola (oxi sto grafiko periballon). O Swthrhs Tsimponhs brhke thn
lush, na proste8ei sto /etc/profile to ejhs:
[ -t 1 ] && printf "\033(K"
3.2.3. Loipa programmata gia konsola
O Alejios Xoyxoulas exei gracei epishs to greek-2.0.tar.gz kai o
Antwnhs Kabarnos (akav@hellug.gr) to grpty, poy doyleuei kai se
solaris.
3.3. Grafiko periballon (Xwindows)
Oi epiloges poy exei kaneis gia na grafei ellhnika katw apo XWindows
se Linux einai (peran toy na ta ftiajei monos toy, px me xmodmap opws
leei sto HRI): to GRkbd (h genikoterh lush) , to grISOXKb (ean
apotuxei to prohgoumeno) kai to kikbd (gia to KDE).
3.3.1. GRkbd
To paketo ayto apo to Giannh Tsakirh einai oysiastika mia shmaia poy
allazei apo thn mia glwssa sthn allh, opws 8ymountai polloi apo ta
windows-3.x. Einai h pio eukolh lush gia na exete ellhnika sto Linux
sas kai 8a to breite sto metalab se source me to onoma greek12.tgz kai
ston Argea se binary. To tgz arxeio poy 8a katebasete, periexei ena
README, kai ena ektelesimo poy 8a balete ston katalogo /usr/local/bin.
Mia shmaia poy allazei apo ellhnikh se agglikh kai anapoda se ka8e
klik, h me pathma toy aristerou ALT-SHIFT, 8a emfanistei sthn o8onh
otan to ektelesete. Diabaste to README.
3.3.2. KiKbd
To KiKbd einai apo toys Alexander Budnik kai Dhmhtrio Mpoura kai einai
enas komcos tropos na exei kaneis ellhnika sto KDE
(symperilambanetai). Doulece swsta me KDE=1.1.1 kai Qt=1.42 (alla oxi
1.44).
3.3.3. xgrk
Epishs, einai en gnwsh mas h uparjh aytou toy paketoy gia ellhnika:
http://www.softlab.ece.ntua.gr/~sivann/xgrk/ toy Spuroy Iwannoy, poy
einai katallhlo gia polla tupoy UNIX leitoyrgika systhmata.
3.3.4. grISOXKb
H prwth ekdosh toy grISOXKb (1997) einai proion synergasias twn
Dhmhtrh Mpoura kai Lefterh Tsintzelh. To paketo grISOXKb einai
ypersunolo twn palaioterwn GRKbd (oxi ayto toy Tsakirh - aplh
synwnymia... ) kai grXiso. H version ayth exei polla "kaloudia". Ta
duo pio shmantika einai:
· oti den xreiazetai shared object binaries gia to X11R6.1 (XFree86
v3.2) kai X11R6.3 (XFree86 v3.3 kai v3.3.1), kai
· oti doyleuei kai me X11 clients poy yposthrizoyn glwsses ektos twn
Agglikwn mesw toy compose toy input extension.
Perissotera sto README toy paketoy, kai sta arxeia
docs/INSTALLATION.*:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/grISOXKb-1.2.tar.gz
=====================================================================
Apo [ah@computer.org]
Ta tonoymena (; + letter) de moy bgainoyn se shells (ok se xedit).
Den exw akomh brei giati.
To package einai ontws poly kalh prospatheia. Einai akoma ateles.
Leipoyn: tonoymena+dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika
(BTW, ola yposthrizontai sto rxvt compiled me greek support).
Epishs: ypothetei oti to keyboard einai ellhniko. Yparxoyn polla kbds
(opws ta UK, IT klp) poy exoyn polla symbols se theseis diaforetikes
apo to ellhniko (eg. @, ", \ klp). Exw hdh kanei patch sto grISOXKb
gia to UK keyboard kai kalo einai na mporei kaneis me COUNTRY-X
keyboard na mporei na kanei type ellhnika xwris na allazoyn oi theseis
allwn symbols.
Mazi me fix twn parapanw to XKB X11 greek support tha einai sxedon teleio.
Ksereis an kai poy exei documentation gia XKB kai compose files.
Kapoios prepei na to teleiwsei. Doyleyei kaneis twra se ayto ?
=====================================================================
3.4. Zwnh wras (Timezone)
H Ellada brisketai sthn Wriaia Zwnh Anatolikhs Eyrwphs (Eastern
European Timezone,EET), poy einai isodunamo me thn wra Greenwich syn 2
wres (GMT+2), kata thn xeimerinh periodo. To kalokairi otan ginetai
allagh wras, h swsth diafora einai +0300 (EET DST), opoy DST shmainei
Daylight Saving Time. Prokeimenoy na ginetai aytomata h metatroph,
kalutera epilejte Europe/Athens. To 1996 allaje h hmeromhnia allaghs
apo kalokairinh se xeimerinh wra (apo Septembrh, twra ginetai
Oktwbrh). Oi nees dianomes toy Linux meta to 1996 to exoyn yp' ocin
toys ayto, oi palaioteres 8eloyn dior8wsh. Deite ta epomena
ypokefalaia sxetika me to 8ema.
3.4.1. tzHellas
Dhmhtrhs Bouras: Me to paron 0a h0ela na anakoinwsw ena mini-paketo
pou parexei ena dior0wmeno arxeio gia to Ellhniko timezone, meta tis
allages pou perisy kai fetos (1996) anakoinw0hkan gia tis hmeromhnies
allaghs ths "kalokairinhs" wras. Mazi me auto yparxei kai ena mikro
programmataki pou diabazei tetoia arxeia kai typwnei tis plhrofories
pou periexoun se an0rwpina-anagnwsimh morfh (pws leme "human-readable
form" - h metafrash twn agglikwn orwn dinei kai pairnei, etsi gia na
anatrixiazoun merikoi-merikoi :) :)).
To paketaki (molis 4365 bytes) 0a to breite (entos oligou) sto
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/tzHellas-271097.tar.gz
Katebaste to kai diabaste to README gia perissotera. Bottom line: to
timezone file "Hellas" pou periexei, parexei swstes hmeromhnies
allaghs wras (symfwna me thn prosfath epishmh anakoinwsh) gia thn
Ellada, mexri kai ton Oktwbrio tou 2001, h mexri na mas alla3oune pali
tis hmeromhnies... :)
3.4.2. EET.zic
=====================================================================
An 8elei na orisei kaneis timezone environment variable, ayth einai h
svsth:
setenv TZ 'EET-2EET DST-3,M3.5.0/3:00:00,M10.5.0/3:00:00'
vraio e? :-)
Pio kala bebaia einai na xrhsimopoioyme to svsto zoneinfo arxeio.
Oi teleytaies ekdoseis toy linux exoyn svsta orismeno
to EET (allakse to 1996).
Oi palaioteres allazoyn thn vra to Septembrio, anti toy Oktvbrioy.
Etsi ftiaxnoyme to parakatv arxeio EET.zic:
----- CUT: EET.zic -----
Rule E-Eur 1986 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule E-Eur 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 3:00s 0 -
Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
----- CUT: END OF EET.zic -----
Meta:
zic EET.zic
(ayto ftiaxnei to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/EET)
/bin/rm -f /var/lib/zoneinfo/localtime
ln -s /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime /var/lib/zoneinfo/EET
=====================================================================
3.5. Ektypwseis
Se ayto to kefalaio 8a perigracoyme pws na ry8misete to susthma sas
wste na mporeite na ektypwsete ellhnika. An den eiste ejoikiwmenoi me
ta basika sxetika me ta lpd kai lpr kalo 8a htan na symboyleyteite to
Printing-HOWTO poy dinei polutimes plhrofories.
3.5.1. Plain text se text ektypwth poy yposthrizei ellhnika.
Ean o ektypwths sas mporei na typwsei plain text kai yposthrizei
ellhnika, den xreiazetai na kanete sxedon tipota. Apla steilte to
keimeno gia ektupwsh me thn entolh lpr. Prosejte mono to 8ema toy set
xarakthrwn: bl. kefalaio ``''. Ean o ektypwths sas yposthrizei
diaforetikh kwdikoselida apo ayth poy einai grammeno to keimeno, 8a
prepei na to metatrecete, bl. ``''.
3.5.2. Plain text se ektypwth poy den yposthrizei ellhnika.
An o ektypwths sas den yposthrizei ellhnika, 8a prepei na metatrecete
to plain text keimeno se PostScript mesw toy a2ps (bl. ``'') kai na to
typwsete mesw toy Ghostscript. Ean exete problhmata, cajte gia to
a2psgr.
3.5.3. Typwnontas ellhniko PostScript keimeno.
Akomh kai ean den dia8etete ektypwth poy na yposthrizei PostScript, to
Linux sas epitrepei na typwnete tetoia keimena mesw toy Ghostscript.
To ghostcript einai ena programma poy metatrepei PostScript arxeia se
morfh poy mporoun na katalaboyn alles syskeyes (ektypwtes diaforwn
eidwn, X Windows, fax k.l.). Apo ayto to shmeio kai pera, "ektupwsh
mesa apo to ghostscript" 8a shmainei metatroph enos PostScript arxeioy
sto format toy ektypwth sas kai meta ektupwsh me kapoia entolh ths
morfhs lpr file.
Ti 8a xreiasteite gia na typwsete ellhnika apo to ghostview:
· Promh8eyteite to ghostview (einai tzampa) kai na to egkatasthsete.
· Na exete egkatesthmenes ellhnikes PostScript (type1)
grammatoseires, kapoy sto susthma sas. Me ayto ennow oti oi
grammatoseires aytes mporoun na briskontai se opoiodhpote directory
(p.x. kapoy sto X11R6 tree, gia xrhsh mesa apo ta X Windows).
· Na tropopoihsete to arxeio Fontmap.
Dokimaste oti doyleuei swsta px me thn entolh: {???}
gs -sDEVICE=deskjet -dNOPAUSE -sOutpoutFile=/dev/lp1 tiger.ps
3.5.3.1. Tropopoiwntas to Fontmap
To Fontmap einai to arxeio poy dinei sto ghostscript pou 8a brei to
arxeio ka8e grammatoseiras. Sto susthma moy brisketai sto
/usr/share/ghostscript/3.33/Fontmap
An den jerete pou exei egkatasta8ei to diko sas, dwste
find / -name "Fontmap"
To Fontmap apoteleitai apo eggrafes ths morfhs
/Charter-Roman (bchr.pfa) ;
H grammh ayth gia paradeigma deixnei oti h grammatoseira Courier-Roman
brisketai sto arxeio bchr.pfa.
To mono poy xreiazetai na kanoyme einai na pros8esoyme tis ellhnikes
grammatoseires. Ta onomata poy 8a dwsete stis grammatoseires sas
mporoun na einai opoiadhpote (p.x. PanosArialBold) alla kalo einai na
exoyn mia logikh (p.x. to PanosArialBold na mhn antistoixei se mia
courier italic grammatoseira !!!). An oi grammatoseires synodeuontai
apo kapoio arxeio poy na tis perigrafei (p.x. fonts.scale) kalo 8a
htan na xrhsimopoihsete onomata poy na einai antistoixa me ayta poy
dinontai ekei. Mporeite akomh na dwsete
strings filename.pfb | more
/FontName /GreekArialBold def
Prosoxh! Ta onomata twn arxeiwn otan den perilambanoyn to directory
8ewrountai pws briskontai sto directory poy to ghostscript fylaei
paromoia arxeia. An oi grammatoseires sas briskontai kapoy allou na
balete oloklhro to onoma. Gia paradeigma,
/GreekArialPlain (/usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1GR/grkarip.pfb) ;
An stelnete arxeia pros ektupwsh apo diafores efarmoges (p.x.
Netscape) einai polu pi8ano aytes na xrhsimopoioun kapoies default
grammatoseires. Gia paradeigma, to Netscape 8a steilei opoiodhpote
arxeio, anejarthta apo thn glwssa poy einai grammeno, na typw8ei me
tis grammatoseires Times kai Courier. Ayto 8a exei san apotelesma na
typwnontai ta ellhnika keimena se akatanohth morfh (gia na to poyme
eygenika). H lush einai na pros8esete sto telos toy Fontmap eggrafes
poy 8a antika8istoyn tis grammatoseires aytes me tis ellhnikes. Gia
paradeigma oi teleytaies grammes toy dikou moy Fontmap einai:
/Times-Roman /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Times-Italic /GreekTimesItalic ;
/Times-Bold /GreekTimesBold ;
/Times-BoldItalic /GreekBoldItalic ;
/Courier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Courier-Italic /GreekCourierItalic ;
/Courier-Bold /GreekCourierBold ;
/Courier-BoldItalic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;
H lush ayth den einai to idaniko alla toylaxiston doyleuei.
3.5.3.2. Fontmap, pros8etes luseis
O 'Aggelos Xaritshs moy esteile tis dikes toy ry8miseis gia to
problhma sxetika me to Fontmap, ka8ws kai ena programmataki, to
grpsfilter (deite parakatw), me to opoio 8a mporesete na jeperasete to
problhma me to netscape xwris na peirajete to fontmap.
Ta Fontmap aliases poy proteinw (kanei use ta Type1 fonts moy):
Pros to telos toy Fontmap:
===================cut==here=======================================
% ------------------------------------------------------
% Elot greek fonts by Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>
% ------------------------------------------------------
/GreekArialPlain (grkarip.pfb) ;
/GreekArialBold (grkarib.pfb) ;
/GreekArialItalic (grkarii.pfb) ;
/GreekArialBoldItalic (grkaribi.pfb) ;
/Greek-Arial-Plain /GreekArialPlain ;
/Greek-Arial-Bold /GreekArialBold ;
/Greek-Arial-Italic /GreekArialItalic ;
/Greek-Arial-Bold-Italic /GreekArialBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Arial-BoldItalic /GreekArialBoldItalic ;
/GreekTimesPlain (grktimp.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesBold (grktimb.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesItalic (grktimi.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesBoldItalic (grktimbi.pfb) ;
/Greek-Times-Plain /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Times-Roman /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Times-Bold /GreekTimesBold ;
/Greek-Times-Italic /GreekTimesItalic ;
/Greek-Times-Bold-Italic /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Times-BoldItalic /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;
/GreekCourierPlain (grkcurp.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierBold (grkcurb.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierItalic (grkcuri.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierBoldItalic (grkcurbi.pfb) ;
/GreekCourier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier-Plain /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier-Bold /GreekCourierBold ;
/Greek-Courier-Italic /GreekCourierItalic ;
/Greek-Courier-Bold-Italic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Courier-BoldItalic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;
% Polytoniko Greek fonts
/GreekPolyTimesPlain (grkpolp.pfb) ;
/GreekPolyTimesItalic (grkpoli.pfb) ;
/Greek-Poly-Times-Plain /GreekPolyTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Poly-Times-Italic /GreekPolyTimesItalic ;
===================cut==here=======================================
3.5.3.3. grpsfilter
Na kai to aplo filtro grpsfilter:
-----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Filter to print greek from Netscape (may be used in printcap)
# (c) 1997 Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>
# NB: You need my postscript greek fonts and proper Fontmap!
#
exec sed -e 's/\/Times\(.* findfont\)/\/Greek-Times\1/g' \
-e 's/\Courier\(.* findfont\)/\Greek-Courier\1/g' \
-e 's/\/Times-Oblique\(.* findfont\)/Greek-Times-Italic\1/g' \
-e 's/\/Times-BoldOblique\(.* findfont\)/Greek-Times-BoldItalic\1/g'
-----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------
An ftiakseis enan printer `grps' sto printcap poy pernaei ola ta
Postscript mesa apo to grpsfilter, tote exeis ellhnikh ektypwsh
xwris na "xalaseis" to FontMap.
Profanws to filter doyleyei kai sto cmd line. Apo Netscape print to
a file: test.ps kai meta:
grpsfilter <test.ps | ghostview -
3.6. Pws kanw mount ena windows partition;
Proupo8esh gia ayto einai na exete kanei compile ton pyrhna me NLS,
737 kai iso-8859-7. An 8elete na energopoiountai ta ellhnika onomata
twn arxeiwn Windows aytomata se ka8e ekkinhsh toy systhmatos, prepei
na antikatasthsete sto arxeio fstab sth grammh opoy ginetai mount ths
katatmhshs me to vfat th lejh default me thn ru8mish
iocharset=iso8859-7. Bazei kaneis parametroys sto /etc/fstab gia
windows partition me ellhnika filenames, px:
/dev/hda1 /Win95 vfat rw,user,codepage=737,iocharset=iso8859-7 0 0
h pernate tis parametroys katey8eian sthn entolh mount, px:
mount -tvfat -onoexec,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/hda1 /Win95
3.7. Pws na gracw ena CD sto Linux;
Xrhsimopoihste to xcdroast, prosejte omws to format poy 8a dialejete.
To paradosiako protypo ISO9660 den mporei na perilabei ola
xarakthristika poy exei ena UNIX filesystem opws ayto toy Linux, to
ext2. Ant' aytou ta UNIX exoyn to Rockridge, poy yposthrizei
directories megaloy ba8oys, mikra-megala grammata, onomata me
periergoys xarakthres (kai oi ellhnikoi einai tetoioi gia ta CD),
symbolic links, file permissions klp. To Romeo/Joliet poy einai gia
windows, den einai toso kalo oso to Rockridge (px den grafei swsta
onomata poy arxizoyn me teleia), gia ayto xrhsimopoieiste sthn anagkh
thn xakia "Rockridge+Joliet", doyleuei acoga sto diabasma toy CD se
polla leitoyrgika systhmata.
Ean anarwtieste giati den doyleuei h egkatastash toy Linux poy brhkate
se kapoio CD, einai polu pi8anos logos oti den einai Rockridge.
4. Efarmoges
Genika, oi efarmoges prepei na metaglwttizontai me NLS -otan yparxei-
kai ws "8-bin-clean" giati ta ellhnika xrhsimopoioun kai ta 8 bits.
Epeidh h glwssa einai ta ellhnika, 8etoyme: export LANG=el (bash/sh) h
setenv LANG el (csh/tcsh). Kalon 8a einai na oristei h metablhth
periballontos LC_CTYPE se iso_8859_7. Ayth h ru8mish prepei na mpei
sto /etc/profile kai sto /etc/csh.cshrc gia ru8mish se epipedo
systhmatos h sto /bashrc kai /cshrc gia xrhstes me bash/sh kai
csh/tcsh kelyfh antistoixa.
Epishs to /.Xdefaults h /.Xresources 8a prepei na periexei:
*basicLocale: C
*timeFormat: C
*numeric: C
*displayLang: iso_8859_7
*inputLang: iso_8859_7
4.1. bash
Gia bash v.1.13+, pros8este to parakatw sto /etc/inputrc h sto
/.inputrc, gia na exete ellhnika sto kelyfos (grammh entolwn):
set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on
To idio isxuei kai gia sh.
4.2. csh/tcsh
export LANG=el_GR
export LC_CTYPE=iso-8859-7
stty cs8 -istrip -parenb (???)
=====================================================================
tcsh :
Put the following in your /etc/csh.cshrc or .tcshrc file
setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_7
stty pass8
Note: If this doesn't work your copy of tcsh was probably not compiled
with NLS support or possibly it's version 6.03 or lower.
ftp://tesla.ee.cornell.edu/pub/tcsh.
DEN DOYLEYEI (tcsh 6.06.00 13-5-95, options 8b, nls, dl ,al, sm)(???)
=====================================================================
4.3. ls
Gia na deite ta arxeia me ellhnika onomata, ekteleste thn entolh ws
"ls -N". Gia eykolia kante thn alias sto /.profile h balte thn
parametro -N sto $LS_OPTIONS ean den einai hdh:
export LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS -N"
4.4. more
O Manwlhs Loyrakhs, <lourakis@csd.uch.gr> "peiraje" to "more" gia na
deixnei 928 ellhnika, moreH:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/moreH.tar.gz
4.5. less
Yparxoyn diaforoi tropoi gia na doylecei to less, o ka8e enas me
diaforetiko ba8mo dyskolias:
· less -r (raw mode, mhn perimenete polu omorfa apotelesmata)
· set LESSCHARSET="koi8-r" (H pio eukolh lush)
· set LESSCHARDEF="8bcccbcc18b95.b128."
· Me yposthrijh NLS, bl. ``'' (H pio "sobarh" lush)
· Na peirajei to charset.c (Gia dynatous lutes):
----- CUT HERE - patch.in -----
*** charset.c.orig Thu Aug 7 11:24:42 1997
--- charset.c Thu Aug 7 11:25:02 1997
***************
*** 49,54 ****
--- 49,55 ----
{ "dos", "8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b." },
{ "koi8-r", "8bcccbcc18b95.b128." },
{ "next", "8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb" },
+ { "8859-7", "8bcccbcc18b95.b128." }, /* By Antonis Kavarnos */
{ NULL }
};
kai meta: setenv LESSCHARSET "8859-7"
4.6. a2ps
Yparxei mia eidikh metaglwttish toy a2ps v4.0 (ascii to postscript),
poy yposthrizei ellhnika, grammenh apo ton Manwlh Loyrakh
<lourakis@csd.uch.gr> kai ton Giannh Moyzakh <mouzakis@csd.uch.gr>.
Brisketai edw
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/a2ps_v4.0-greek.tar.gz {
To standard a2ps tha exei syntoma swsth yposthriksh gia ellhnika. }
4.7. genscript
Enallaktika toy a2ps yparxei to GNU enscript, poy 8ewreitai kalutero
kai perilambanei epishma yposthrijh gia ellhnika apo thn ekdosh 1.6.0
kai meta. Gia perissoteres phrofories deite:
http://www.csd.uch.gr/~lourakis/genscript/
4.8. vi
O vi opws ton trexete apo tis gnwstes dianomes 8a prepei na doylecei
me ta ellhnika, xwris tropopoihsh, ean oxi, yparxei o viH (ellhnikos
vi, 8a ton breite ston Argea) kai o vim.
=====================================================================
Shmeiwteon oti o vim meta thn ekdosh 4.x exei yposthriksh toy
langmap flag (prepei na ginei compile me ayto to flag - standard builds
den to exoyn synithws). To feature ayto, contributed apo ton
Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>, einai meros toy standard vim
distribution kai oxi aplws ena palio patch.
Apo to documentation toy vim (:help langmap):
langmap(lma):
This option allows support for keyboards that have a mode for a
special language. The idea is that when you are typing text in
Insert mode your keyboard is switched in the special language mode, you
get different key codes for the special characters. When in command
mode the 'langmap' option takes care of translating these special
characters to the original meaning of the key. This means you don't
have to change the keyboard mode to be able to execute normal mode commands.
Exei kai to katallhlo setting gia ellhnika sto documentation.
Nomizw oti einai xrhsimo gia vi users...
++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
=====================================================================
4.9. joe
O joe yposthrizei ellhnika ean energopoihsoyme 8bit support, eite
trexontas joe -asis, eite bazontas thn parametro -asis sto
usr/(local/)/lib/joerc.
4.10. emacs
O Emacs 19+ exei diko toy tropo na diaxeirizetai to plhktrologio. Gi'
ayto kai den doyleuei opoiadhpote ellhnikh yposthrijh ftiaxtei gia thn
konsola kai mesa ston Emacs.
H lush einai to paketo greek-mode.el, poy exei ftiajei o Sarantos
Kapidakhs <sarantos@csd.uch.edu>. Gia perissoteres plhrofories, to
idio to paketo mas parapempei sthn dieu8ynsh:
http://www.ics.forth.gr/~sarantos/EMACS+GREEK opoy yparxoyn odhgies
egkatastashs. To idio to paketo mporei kaneis na to brei eukola kai
stis selides toy Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI) sto tmhma poy
anaferetai se Ellhnika gia UNIX.
=====================================================================
emacs :
In version 19.26 or later of GNU emacs you can simply set the
environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_7 like you do for tcsh
and elm. If you use an older version put the following in your
/usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/default.el file:
(standard-display-european t)
(set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
(nth 1 (current-input-mode))
0)
Dead key functionality should work under GNU emacs provided you use
GNU emacs v19.30 or higher and XFree86 v3.1.2 or higher, so don't
start researching available elisp packages implementing "electric
keys" or anything like that. If you want to implement European
keyboard conventions in emacs without upgrading the best choice is
probably the remap package available from the AUC FTP server (see
section ``References and FTP sites''.)
=====================================================================
4.11. xemacs
Gia na xrhsimopoihsei kaneis xemacs mazi me to kikbd (endexomenws
genika), prepei na orisei duo grammes sto .xemacs-options:
(global-set-key 'Dacute_accent '"")
(global-set-key 'Ddiaeresis '"")
4.12. pine
To pine to mono poy xreiazetai einai na oristoun san "alternative
editor" o joe h o viH. Yposthrizei mono 928, arkei sto setup,
configure na balei kapoios character-set= ISO-8859-7 kai den 8elei
tipota allo (o pico 8a dexetai 8bit input).
4.13. elm
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/ akonstan/en/greek/elm-greek.txt
elm: Set the following environment variables
LANG=C
LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_7
Some versions of elm require that you put the following definitions in
your /.elm/elmrc/ file:
charset = iso-8859-7
displaycharset = iso-8859-7
textencoding = 8bit
Kai to palio-kalo elm yposthrizei ellhnika, me ton katallhlo editor.
Epishs yparxei mia nekranasthmenh ekdosh poy yposthrizei kai alla
kaloydia, to elm-me: ftp://ftp.ozone.fmi.fi/KEH
{ -Me elm 2.4PL5, DEN DOYLEYE- OXI PANTA TOYLAXISTON (???) }
4.14. metamail
To configure the metamail package for ISO 8859-7 input/output, set the
MM_CHARSET environment variable with "setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-7".
Also, set the MM_AUXCHARSETS variable with "setenv MM_AUXCHARSETS
iso-8859-7" (???)
4.15. telnet
To telnet 8a prepei na doyleuei xwris problhma. Ean oxi, balte ayth
thn grammh sto arxeio /.telnetrc:
set binary true
4.16. rlogin
Ean exete problhmata me to rlogin, dokimaste: "rlogin -8" h "rlogin
-L".
4.17. xterm
Trejte to ejhs: (h opoiadhpote ellhnikh grammatoseira)
xterm -f sc-elot16
h akoma kalutera phgainoyme sto arxeio /.Xresources, kai pros8etoyme
kapoy (px sto telos) thn grammh ayth me to font poy 8eloyme, px
xterm*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicon
densed--0-0-75-75-c-0-iso8859-7
4.18. rxvt
To rxvt gia na mporesei na gracei kai na deijei swsta ta ellhnika
xreiazetai duo pragmata
1. Ellhnikes Grammatoseires sta X11, bl. ``''
2. Kapoies parametroys sth grammh entolwn, gia na gyrisei se 8-bit
mode kai na mhn agnoei to bit poy jexwrizei ta ellhnika apo ta
agglika. Oi magikes parametroi poy kanoyn to rxvt sas ellhnikotato
einai:
% rxvt -8 -meta 8thbit -font GREEKFONT ...
kai mporeite safws na tis xrhsimopoihsete mazi me o,ti parametroys
xrhsimopoieite kanonika sto rxvt sas.
=====================================================================
To rxvt (xterm clone that uses less memory and runs slightly faster)
exei standard support gia full ellhniko keyboard (928 kai 437) poy exw balei
edw kai poly kairo. Download the latest source kai compile me
#define GREEK_SUPPORT
sto feature.h
To rxvt yposthrizei ellhnika se efarmoges poy doyleyoyn mesa sto
rxvt terminal. Yposthrizei full set ellhnikwn (including:
tono-dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika).
Epitrepei kaneis na kanei type taytoxrona se 928 kai 437 se 2 katallhla
diaforetika rxvt windows.
Read file README.greek gia leptomereies.
H swsth lysh gia X11 bebaia einai ena complete XKB package poy tha
yposthrizei to plhres set ellhnikwn. Mexri tote to rxvt einai akoma
xrhsimo (epishs gia 737 taytoxrona me 928 keyboard).
++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
=====================================================================
4.19. minicom
To minicom einai ena programma epikoinwniwn gia modem, poy 8ymizei
entona Telix. H ellhnikh ekdosh yposthrizei 737, xrhsimo gia na
mpainei kaneis se BBS poy doyleuoyn katw apo DOS (sxedon oles oi
ellhnikes einai tetoies):
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/minicom-1.75-elf.tar.gz
Perissoteres plhrofories: <roryt@hellug.gr>
{
Fantazomai minicom mesa se rxvt me 737 font kai encoding tha doylepsei
kanonika xwris tropopoihsh tou idioy toy programmatos (arkei na einai
8-bit clean).
}
4.20. samba
To Samba stis teleytaies ekdoseis (>=1.9.17 ?) den xreiazetai tipota
gia na blepoyme ellhnika onomata arxeiwn. Sthn 1.9.18p, dokimasthke
ayto me epityxia, trejte to
/usr/doc/packages/samba/examples/validchars gia na deite oti
yposthrizontai ean exete amfibolies.
Ean prepei pros8esete ta ellhnika, 8a pate sto [global] toy
/etc/smb.conf, na pros8esete thn grammh "valid chars = 0xa0 0xa1
0xa2 ... klp"
4.21. ispell
O Giannhs Kabaklhs <kavaklis@hellug.gr> exei tropopoihsei to ispell,
gia na yposthrizei 928 ellhnika. Epishs exei ena lejiko sto paketo
ayto. To FTP site einai:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/ispellH.tar.gz Enallaktika
toy ispell yparxei to aspell.
=====================================================================
ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/ispell/languages/ (???)
ispell - Spell checking in Danish:
First make sure you install version 3.1 instead of version 4.0
of ispell. The latter is obsolete and multiply brain-damaged.
You can download the sources for ispell at the GNU archive at
prep.ai.mit.edu, and you can get a Danish dictionary via FTP
from ftp.iesd.auc.dk in /pub/packages/dkispell/. Follow the
compilation instructions and you should have no trouble (One
caveat: When defining the variables necessary for compilation
you should slightly confusingly tell ispell that Linux is a Sys
V type OS by defining the variable USG.)
When you have installed the Danish dictionary for ispell you
can check the spelling of a Danish language file by executing
the command:
ispell -d danish -T latin1 -w "??????" <your_danish_text_file>
(Note for non-Danish readers: You can find dictionaries for most
Western languages by reading the file Where included with the
sources for ispell.)
=====================================================================
4.22. Midnight Commander
H emfanish ellhnikwn onomatwn kai periexomenwn arxeiwn sto mc
energopoieitai apo to menou Options -> Display bits -> Full 8 bits
output. Gia na gracei kaneis ellhnika ston epejergasth keimenoy kai ta
pedia dialogoy toy mc, prepei na energopoihsei sto idio menou thn
epilogh Full 8 bits input. [ N.Christou@S.andB.gr ]
4.23. Staroffice
Gia office suite proteinoyme to StarOffice 5.1.
Gia ton ejellhnismo toy diabaste to eidiko keimeno StarOffice-and-
Greek.
4.24. Netscape
Ta Netscape 3.x & 4.x exoyn eggenh (merikh) yposthrijh ellhnikwn.
Prwta apo ola, prepei na exoyme kanei swsto Configuration twn X
windows wste na "blepoyn" ellhnikes grammatoseires. An ayto exei ginei
tote prepei na kanoyme ta ejhs 3 bhmata gia na apeikonizontai ta
ellhnika PANTOY sto netscape.
· Na dhlwsoyme swsto encoding/fonts
· Na peirajoyme ta resources toy Netscape
· Na "ftiajoyme" aliases gia ellhnikes grammatoseires iso8859-1 (nai,
iso8859-1) kai Windows-1253 wste na blepoyme ta ellhnika stis
formes (to netscape mperdeuetai kai apekonizei tis formes mono me
iso8859-1 grammatoseires). Oi grammatoseires windows-1253
xreiazontai giati merikoi anegkefaloi web masters bazoyn eskemmena
h apo agnoia sta .html toys: charset=windows-1253
Arxizoyme :
· Exontas anoixto to netscape, apo to menou view->encoding dialegoyme
to "Greek (ISO-8859-7)" kai pali apo to idio menou to "Set Default
Encoding". Meta apo to Edit->Preferences, Appearence->Fonts
epilegoyme sto pedio "For the encoding" to "Greek (ISO-8859-7)" kai
sta 2 lists pio katw ta agaphmena mas ellhnika fonts (ta helvetica
kalutera!). Kanoyme click sto OK.
· Sto directory toy netscape yparxei ena arxeio Netscape.ad. Einai ta
Resources. An ypo8esoyme oti to netscape exei egkatasta8ei swsta px
sto /usr/local/netscape, tote ekteloume san "root" ta parakatw poy
leitoyrgoun swsta toylaxiston sto netscape 4.03. (Proypo8esh na
exoyme ta fonts -greek-helvetica).
cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/app-defaults
\rm -f Netscape
grep -v 'fontList:' /usr/local/netscape/Netscape.ad >/tmp/Netscape
echo "*fontList: \
-greek-helvetica-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-7" \
>>/tmp/Netscape
grep -v '^*defaultCharset:' /tmp/Netscape >Netscape
echo '*defaultCharset: iso-8859-7' >>Netscape
chmod 644 Netscape
\rm -f /tmp/Netscape
· San root, sto directory poy exoyme ta agaphmena mas ellhnika fonts
dhmioyrgoume ta aliases ws ejhs:
cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/greek
mkfontdir
awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
's/iso8859-7/iso8859-1/' >>fonts.alias
awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
's/iso8859-7/windows-1253/' >>fonts.alias
· 3ekinoume ta X kai dialegoyme sto
edit->preferences->Appearance->fonts ellhnika fonts gia to charset
'windows-1253' kai 'iso8859-1'. (nai ellhnika fonts gia to western
charset iso8859-1!!!!).
Plhrofories 8a breite epishs sto: http://www.ntua.gr/help.html
4.24.1. Netscape widgets
lazaros sotiriadis:
A epishs gia na vlepete ellinika se ola ta widgets prepei na dosete ti sosti gramatoseira sto
Netscape.ad i se arxeio pou tha kanete xrdb -merge i sto .Xdefaults tis exhs 4 seires :
*fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmTextField.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmText.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmList*fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
Etsi tha blepete ellinika se Ola ta widgets se oles tis selides asxetos
an exoun sto source tous charset=windows-1253 kai akoma tha vlepete
ellinika sta bookmarks kai tha grafete fisika se ola ta widgets (p.x http://...)
4.24.2. Netscape fonts
Shmeiwteon to greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz prosferei 3 dynatothtes
gia ellhnika se Netcsape:
* grinet (Type1),
* grtex/grtt,
* helveticagr/couriergr.
Ta Type1 einai to kalytero option (logw oti einai scalable) alla
dystyxws se XFree86 de fainontai toso kala logw kakoy Type1 rasteriser twn XFree.
Se alla unix/X exw anafores oti fainontai poly kalytera.
Polla sites exoyn dymanic font information gia ta keimena opote to Netscape
aytomatws tha dialseksei to katallhlo font. Ayth h praktikh synistatai
se webmasters ellhnikwn keimenwn.
5. National Language Support
To National Language Support (syntomografia NLS) einai mia dynatothta
poy exoyn ta pio polla UNIX, wste na enhmerwnontai oi efarmoges gia
tis glwssikes ry8miseis toy xrhsth kai na paroysiazoyn ta mynhmata
toys sthn antistoixh glwssa.
To NLS xrhsimopoieitai apo polla GNU tools, eidika ayta poy trexoyn se
periballon grammhs entolwn (Command Line Interface - CLI, dhladh to
gnwsto prompt), kai yposthrizetai prosfata kai sto grafiko periballon
(px KDE). H enhmerwsh twn efarmogwn ginetai mesa apo metablhtes
periballontos, me entoles toy tupoy LANG="el_GR". Apo Noembrh 1998 ta
ellhnika 8a ry8mizontai ws el_GR (me bash ta antistoixa ISO protypa),
kai elpizoyme oti h allagh ayth 8a perasei suntoma stis dianomes.
Ergasia gurw apo to NLS exei kanei kai o Simos 3enitellhs, deite to
Greek-nls-HOWTO kai ayto to ar8ro sto periodiko magaz:
http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/04_nls.html.
PROSOXH: To paron kefalaio eixe graftei apo ton Taso Kapio, se mia
epoxh poy to NLS den yphrxe panta sthmeno sto linux, kai to protypo
htan arketa asta8es (px, mporei na breite na leei gia gr_GR, anti
el_GR).
5.1. Proetoimasia
PRWTA blepe poses kai poies einai oi biblio8hkes ths C poy yparxoyn
sto susthma soy. p.x.
ttyp3:~#ldconfig -v | grep libc.so
libc.so.4 => libc.so.4.7.2
libc.so.6 => libc-2.0.4.so
libc.so.5 => libc.so.5.4.33
Yparxoyn 5 kathgories libc kai den einai symbates metaju toys, oson
afora ta locale panta. (Ayth thn stigmh oi pio polloi exoyn tis ekdo
seis 4 kai 5)
1. libc 4 ??? (a.out)
2. libc 5.0.9-5.3.12
3. libc 5.4.x
4. glibc 1.x ??? (san libc 5 gia merikes arxitektonikes Linux)
5. glibc 2.x.x (libc 6)
5.2. Egkatastash Ellhnikwn Locale
Xreiazeste tis topikes ry8miseis (localedata), ton compiler localedef
kai to diagnwstiko ergaleio locale.
· Yparxoyn treis ekdoseis twn topikwn ry8misewn (Diaferoyn elaxista)
1. H pio palia apoteleitai apo ta
ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/gr_GR (2679 bytes)
ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/charmaps/ISO_8859-7:1987 (19768 bytes)
ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/en_DK (101080 bytes)
2. H allh, pio prosfath ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ ...
/sources/admin/wg15-locale_2.orig.tar.gz (h se diafora CDROM me
to debian) kai periexei ta
locales/gr_GR
locales/en_DK
charmaps/ISO_8859-7,1987
(Prepei na doyleuei mono gia libc 5.4.x)
3. H pio kainourgia ekdosh brisketai eite sto paketo phgaioy kwdika
ths glibc 2.0.5 eite san jexwristo paketo san glibc-
localedata-2.0.5 Yparxei sto debian (ftp.debian.org),sto redhat
(ftp.redhat.com) kai se mirrors ths gnu kai periexei ta
gr_GR,en_DK,ISO-8859-7
· Ta localedef kai locale yparxoyn sta paketa me ton phgaio kwdika
twn libc 5 kai glibc 2. Epishs kykloforoun se binary morfh apo to
debian kai redhat kai san tar.gz apo thn gnu kai h ekdosh toys
prepei na einai idia me thn libc poy exete (locale-5.x.y gia thn
libc 5.x.y kai to glibc-localedata-2.x.y gia thn glibc-2.x.y)
Prwta phgainete ston ypokatalogo opoy briskete gr_GR kai trexete thn
entolh
>sed -e 's/am_pm "";""/am_pm "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"/' gr_GR > el_GR
(Gia dynatothta ellhnikou PM kai MM kai h allagh onomatos gia symbat
othta me ta X) Kai gia elegxo
> tail -n 5 el_GR | grep am_pm
am_pm "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"
t_fmt_ampm ""
END LC_TIME
Twra san root dhmioyrghste toys ejhs ypokatalogoys
# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES
# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/locales
# ln -sf /usr/share/i18n/charmaps /usr/share/i18n/charmap
Egkatasthste sta swsta merh ta el_GR, en_DK, ISO-8859-7 (h
ISO_8859-7:1987 h ISO_8859-7,1987)
# cd (ekei poy einai ta localedata)
# cp e?_?? /usr/share/i18n/locales
# cd ../charmaps
# cp ISO[-_]8859-7* /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# cd /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# ln -s ISO_8859-7,1987 ISO-8859-7
Metaglwttiste, an den ta exete hdh se binary morfh, ta locale kai
localedef. Ayto ginetai peripoy etsi:
> cd ~/src
> gzip -dc libc-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xvf -
> cd libc-x.y.z
> ./configure
> make clean; make depend
> cd locale
> make programs
> su -f root -c 'install -m 755 locale localedef /usr/bin'
Kai twra eiste etoimoi gia thn metaglwttish twn topikwn ry8misewn. San
root:
# cd /usr/share
Se periptwsh poy exete mia libc
# localedef -ci locale/el_GR -f i18n/charmap/ISO-8859-7 el_GR
Se periptwsh poy exete duo p.x. libc-5.4.33 kai libc-2.0.4
# localedef-2.04 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
# localedef-5.4.33 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el
# chmod -cR a+r locale
Twra prepei na yparxoyn ayta katw apo to /usr/share/locale/el_GR (kai
to el)
# ls locale/el_GR
LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MESSAGES/ LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
Mia dokimh. Gia kelyfos tupoy csh p.x. tcsh:
> setenv LANG el_GR
Gia kelyfos tupoy sh p.x. bash, ksh:
> LANG=el_GR ; export LANG
Dokimaste:
> locale
LANG=el_GR
LC_CTYPE="el_GR"
LC_NUMERIC="el_GR"
LC_TIME="el_GR"
LC_COLLATE="el_GR"
LC_MONETARY="el_GR"
LC_MESSAGES="el_GR"
LC_ALL=
> locale -c LC_TIME | head
LC_TIME
Kyr;Dey;Tri;Tet;Pem;Par;Sab
Kyriakh;Deytera;Trith;Tetarth;Pempth;Paraskeyh;Sabbato
Ian;Feb;Mar;Apr;Mai;Ioun;Ioul;Aug;Sep;Okt;Noe;Dek
Ianoyarios;Febroyarios;Martios;Aprilios;Maios;Iounios;Ioulios;Augoystos;Septembrios;Oktwbrios;Noembrios;Dekembrios
PM;MM
%a %d %b %Y %T %Z
%d/%m/%Y
%T
(H diamorfwsh allazei apo libc se libc)
Twra mporeite na dokimaste merikes efarmoges (arkei na exoyn ginei
compile me mia symbath libc)
> unsetenv LESSCHARSET h unset LESSCHARSET
> less kapoio-keimeno-me-ellhnika
> cal
Augoystos 1997
Ky De Tr Te Pe Pa Sa
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
Kai sto Netscape 4 (me libc 5.4.x x > 4 ) anoijte to Mail & Discus
sions kai 8a deite sto Date toys mhnes sthn mesh px 31/08/1997 kai tis
hmeres sta ellhnika. Telos :-)
5.2.1. Egkatastash Ellhnikwn mhnymatwn diaforwn efarmogwn
Edw yparxoyn dyo anejarthta paketa to gencat kai to gettext
a)To gencat erxetai mazi me ton phgaio kwdika ths ka8e libc (katw apo
to nls/) h se binary p.x. gencat-x.y.z kai einai ejarthmeno apo aythn
opws kai to localedef. Metaglwttizei arxeia tupoy International
language text (.m) se katalogoys.
b)To gettext, einai anejarthto apo thn libc, kai yparxei synh8ws se
mirrors ths gnu p.x.ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/gettext-0.10.tar.gz
kai sta debian,redhat. (Gia na breite mia prosfath ekdosh pate sto
http://las.ml.org cajte gia gettext) To xrhsimopoioun sxedon ola ta
paketa ths GNU {file,sh,text,net}-utils kai polla alla paketa p.x.
(WindowMaker). Gia plhrofories deite to
ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/ABOUT-NLS, steilte mhnyma sthn ellhnikh
omada sto el@li.org h gia na boh8hste mpeite sthn lista el-
request@li.org me thn lejh "subscribe" sto swma toy mhnumatos.
Ayth thn stigmh, apo o,ti gnwrizw, plhrws ellhnika mhnumata exei mono
to tcsh 6.07.02 (me patches toy debian) kai xrhsimopoiei, dystyxws, to
gencat.
5.3. Egkatastash toy tcsh
Katebaste to tcsh >= 6.07.02. Breite to gencat (phgaios kwdikas
libc,se binary apo redhat,debian) Protou metaglwttiste to tcsh. h
· Epejergasteite to config_f.h kai allajte to #undef NLS_CATALOGS se
#define NLS_CATALOGS Allajte apo ola ta ellhnika arxeia nls/greek/*
ta \",\',\n se ",',\n antistoixa. Allajte sto nls/Makefile to
GENCAT=gencat se GENCAT=gencat -new -lang ANSIC h
· Katebaste to patch gia thn ekdosh 6.07.02 apo to debian
(ftp.debian.org/debian/hamm/hamm/source/shells/ )
Metaglwttiste, egkatasthste, dokimaste to tcsh
>make
>make catalogs
>su -f root -c 'make install'
>su -f root -c 'install -m 644 tcsh.greek.cat /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh'
>/bin/tcsh
>setenv LANG el_GR
>unsetenv NOREBIND (gia na afhnei grafete sta ellhnika)
>fkjg
fkjg: H entolh de bre8hke.
An den sas bgalei ellhniko mhnyma tote
· Elegjte to /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh kai to /bin/tcsh
>ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47443 Ioun 12 21:27 /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
>file /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
/usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh: data
>ls -l /bin/tcsh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 270476 Sab Aug 10:23 /bin/tcsh
>date
Sab Aug 9 10:38 EET DST 1997
· Bebaiw8eite oti to gencat erxetai apo mia symbath libc
> gencat -V
localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Ulrich Drepper.
> ldd /bin/tcsh
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)
An to mhnyma einai kapws etsi
fkjg: ^H ^e^n^t^o^l^h ^d^e ^b^r^e^8^h^k^e.
1. Elegjte ta permissions sthn /usr/share/locale/el_GR
> ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR
total 96
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1024 Ioun 25 20:40 ./
drwxr-xr-x 68 root root 2048 Aug 6 10:41 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29156 Ioun 25 20:36 LC_COLLATE
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10428 Ioun 25 20:36 LC_CTYPE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Ioun 25 20:34 LC_MESSAGES/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95 Ioun 25 20:36 LC_MONETARY
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27 Ioun 25 20:36 LC_NUMERIC
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 536 Ioun 25 20:36 LC_TIME
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47443 Ioun 12 21:27 tcsh
2. 3anakanete compile tis topikes ry8miseis me to localedef
3. Elegjte thn ekdosh toy localedef kai ths libc wste na einai idies
> localedef -V
localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Ulrich Drepper.
> ldd /bin/tcsh
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)
4. Katebaste mia pio prosfath ekdosh twn topikwn ry8misewn
5. Anaba8miste thn libc
5.4. Ry8miseis diaforwn efarmogwn
Oi pio polles efarmoges to mono poy xreiazontai einai to LANG se
el_GR.
· X genika:
a)Pros8este sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias to
el_GR.ISO-8859-7 el_GR.ISO8859-7
b) Gia ellhnikous titloys kai onomata eikonidiwn *titleEncoding:
ISO8859-7 *iconNameEncoding: ISO8859-7
· LESS: MHN DHLWNETE TO LESSCHARSET. Me swsta locale, thn swsth
libc, kai to LANG se el_GR deixnei ta ellhnika kanonika.
Efarmoges me mhnumata gettext
(/usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES/*.mo): To LANGUAGE se el_GR.
· TCL/TK: Gia na sas afhnei na grafete ellhnika allajte sto
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/compose.dir apo iso8859-1/Compose C
se #iso8859-1/Compose C
· XTERM: Parte thn ekdosh toy xterm apo thn Xfree86 3.3 (diaferei apo
thn ekdosh twn X11R6.3) kai metaglwttiste me -DI18N.
· SH-UTILS,FILE-UTILS,TEXT-UTILS: Merika programmata toys 8eloyn
glibc 2 gia deijoyn ellhnikes hmeromhnies.
· SYSLOGD:???????
· Dikes sas efarmoges: Gia na mporeite na bazete mexri kai ellhnikes
parametroys.
#include <locale.h>
.....
setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
.....
>dokimh --ola
Alles efarmoges kaneis;
5.5. Problhmata
Polla ;-).
5.5.1. Problhmata me thn C Library (libc)
H METAGLWTTISMENH MORFH APO TA LOCALEDEF KAI GENCAT SYNH8WS ALLAZEI
APO LIBC SE LIBC KAI ENA PROGRAMMA METAGLWTTISMENO ME TOYS HEADERS
MIAS LIBC MPOREI NA MHN MPOREI NA DIABASEI THS TOPIKES RY8MISEIS
FTIAGMENES APO ALLH BIBLIO8HKH.
5.5.2. Problhmata me ta X
Locale not supported from X library.(h kati paromoio) Elegjte ta
dikaiwmata stoys ypokatalogoys
# chmod -cR a+r /usr/share/locale /usr/X11R6/lib/locale
Elegjte ta Xresources kai cajte gia tipota upopto
>xrdb -query
Blepe problhmata me thn biblio8hkh ths C.
5.5.3. Problhmata poy dhmioyrgountai otan ola einai swsta ;-)
O daimonas syslogd apo8hkeuei ta dedomena sta 7-bit kai polles
efarmoges 8a toy stelnoyn tis hmeromhnies sta ellhnika p.x.to PAM me
apotelesma merikes fores na mhn mporeis deis ton mhna.
Merika programmata 8a perimenoyn gia apanthsh se erwthsh "yes/no" anti
gia "y" h "n"ta "n" kai "o" antistoixa.
Sthn konsola kalo einai na exete mia grammatoseira
iso-8859-7(ELOT-928). Eidika me ellhniko tcsh.
5.6. Epipleon plhrofories
· Linux Locales Mini HOWTO:
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/doc/HOWTO/mini/locales
· NLS repository: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/
· NLS utilities for Linux: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls
· Public domain locale and charmap sources: ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n
Yparxoyn ta man pages: locale.5 locale.7 setlocale.2
6. Tex/LaTex
To TeX/LateX einai ena susthma stoixeio8esias (typesetting), poy
briskotan se eyreia xrhsh sthn dekaetia 75-85. Einai kai shmera
xrhsimo gia thn syggrafh episthmonikou keimenoy, ka8ws yposthrizei
polu kala tis ma8hmatikes parastaseis (petajte to word gia panta), ta
(polytonika) ellhnika kai lunei polla idiory8ma typografika
problhmata.
Ta sxetika me to TeX/LateX, yparxoyn pleon se ena jexwristo HOWTO:
GreekTeXFAQ. Deite gia ta sxetika kai to kefalaio ``''.
To TeX einai ena programma poy eftiaje arxika o ka8hghths Donald E.
Knuth toy Stanford University, gia to gracimo keimenwn me polla
ma8hmatika. Arxika to TeX den yposthrize ellhnika, para mono ta liga
ellhnika sumbola poy xrhsimopoioun oi ma8hmatikoi polles fores gia na
dhlwsoyn metablhtes se ejiswseis opws:
$ y = \alpha\,x^2 $
opoy to TeX antika8ista to \alpha me to ellhniko "a".
Ayto omws den einai kai toso boliko, giati to TeX xeirizetai kapws
diaforetika ta ellhnika se math-mode (to eidiko mode toy TeX sto opoio
grafetai ka8e ejiswsh) kai diaforetika se horizontal-mode poy grafetai
to aplo keimeno. Kai safws kaneis den 8a h8ele na prepei na grafei
tragika pragmata opws:
{$\Epsilon$}$\lambda${$\lambda$}$\'\alpha${$\delta$}$\alpha$.
mono kai mono gia na gracei "Ellada".
Mia prwth lush hr8e me to project BABEL toy TeX-Users-Group, h opoia
perigrafetai parakatw.
6.1. To project BABEL
To project BABEL mporei na bre8ei se ola ta Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-
Network (CTAN) mirrors. Einai sto directory .../tex-archive/babel/
kai h ellhnikh yposthrijh toy BABEL yparxei sto
.../tex-archive/babel/greek/* .
To project BABEL exei ftiax8ei kyriws apo jenoys, omws, poy den
grafoyn se "pragmatika ellhnika", alla se greeklish. Etsi, gia
paradeigma h lejh "Ellada" grafetai san:
\GR{}Ella'da\EN{}
Poy einai safws mia beltiwsh apo to apaisio $...$ kolpo.
Me ta katallhla filtra to BABEL mporei na ftiax8ei etsi wste na
yposthrizei pragmatika ellhnika, kai telika na grafei kaneis:
Ellada
kai to filtro na to metatrepei sto prohgoumeno paradeigma, wste to
BABEL na doylecei swsta!
6.2. Prospa8eies ejellhnismou toy Tex/LaTex
Sto ITY (Institouto Texnologias Ypologistwn), yparxei ena project me
to onoma GRTeX. Blepe "Diplwmatikh ergasia GRTeX, Stefanos
Magganarhs, Iounios 1989, Patra, Tmhma Mhx. H/Y kai Plhr."
Epishs, o G. Sphliwths exei kanei diplwmatikh ergasia sto Pan/mio
A8hnas gia Ellhnika sto TeX/LaTeX.
6.3. Sundesmoi gia Tex/LaTex
· http://magaz.hellug.gr/04/05_babel.html 1o ar8ro sto magaz gia
ellhniko TeX/LateX
· http://magaz.hellug.gr/08/07_GreekTeXFAQ.html 2o ar8ro sto magaz
gia TeX (Odhgies egkatastashs - FAQ)
· ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk:/pub/tex/fonts/greek/ Aytos einai o katalogos
gia ellhnika sto CTAN
· ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/TeX Kalh syllogh gia TeX kai ellhnika
· http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/ Sullogos Ellhnwn filwn toy TeX
· http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/Greekinf/ Diafora ergaleia gia LateX
· http://ctan.unsw.edu.au/tex-archive/help/greek/greek.faq faq gia
ellhniko LateX, alla palio (4/94)
Oi ejyphretes toy CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Netowrk) einai:
· ftp.tex.ac.uk (128.232.1.87)
· ftp.dante.de (129.206.100.192)
· ftp.cdrom.com/pub/tex/ctan
· ftp.ee.up.ac.za
7. Hlektronikh tekmhriwsh kai biblia
7.1. Linux Documentation Project
To Linux Documentation Project (LDP) einai mia prospa8eia na graftei
olh h tekmhriwsh toy Linux hlektronika, kai na organw8ei eniaia. Ola
ta HOWTO, FAQ, manual pages, Guides anhkoyn sto LDP, kai briskontai
ston kombo toy metalab (http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/). Na shmeiw8ei
oti kai ayto to keimeno einai tmhma toy LDP kai brisketai:
http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO.
Epimenete ellhnika omws kai protimate toys ka8reptismous (!) toy LDP:
· http://linux.forthnet.gr/LDP/, Contact: Sotiris
Tsimbonis,tsimbonis@forthnet.gr, Updated: DAILY, Location:
Katerini, Greece
· http://www.ichannel.gr/linux/LDP/, Contact: Dimitris Demiris,
ddemiris@ichannel.gr, Updated: DAILY, Location: Volos, Greece
Olo to metalab ( prwhn sunsite) yparxei kai sthn Ellada sto:
http://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/
To tmhma gia linux einai: ftp://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/sunsite/linux
7.2. Periodika
To ellhniko on-line periodiko magaz einai prwths dialoghs:
http://magaz.hellug.gr.
To Linux Gazette einai ena kalo on-line periodiko sthn agglikh glwssa
kai brisketai sthn dieu8ynsh: http://www.ssc.com/lg/. Mirror toy
yparxei kai edw: http://www.eexi.gr/mirrors/lg/lg_frontpage.html.
To mono entypo periodiko poy kykloforei sthn Ellada gia to Linux,
einai to (amerikaniko) Linux Journal, poy mporei na to promh8eytei
kaneis apo ta texnika bibliopwleia kai katasthmata H/Y, kyriws.
7.3. Biblia eidika gia Linux
Mark G. Sobell, A Practical Guide to Linux, Addison-Wesley Pub Co,
ISBN: 0201895498 (*) Synistatai anepifulakta, deite apo to amazon.com
to ejwfyllo toy: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201895498/.
M. Welsh, L. Kaufman, Running Linux, O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN:
1565921518 (*)
O. Kirch, Linux Network Administrator's Guide, O'Reilly & Associates,
Inc. (*)
LDP, The Linux Bible 3rd Edition, Yggdrasil Computing, Inc.
7.4. Unix gia Arxarioys
B.Kernighan, R.Pike, The UNIX programming Environment, 1984, ISBN
0-13-937681-X Ejhghsh toy Unix gia arxarioys. Pyknogrammeno alla
katanohto. Klassiko biblio panepisthmiakwn sxolwn. (*) (**GR)
H. Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix, McGraw Hill, 1993, ISBN:
0-07-025511-3 Ena polu kalo eisagwgiko biblio gia to Unix. Se aplh
glwssa o syggrafeas ejhgei ston arxario oti 8elei na jerei gia to Unix
kai to Internet. DEN APAITEITAI PROEMPEIRIA (*)
M. Waite, D. Martin e S. Prata, The Waite Group's Unix System V
Primer, Sams, 1992, ISBN: 0-672-30194-6 Ena ejaireto egxeridio gia
Unix/SVR4. (**GR)
D. Libes, S. Ressler, Life with Unix - A Guide for Everyone, Prentice
Hall, 1990, ISBN: 0-13-536657-7 Otidhpote 8a 8elate na ma8ete gia to
Unix. Periexei dyseuretes plhrofories.
7.5. Unix gia Proxwrhmenoys
M. J. Bach, The design of the Unix operating system, Prentice-Hall
International, 461 pp, ISBN: 0-13-201757-1 Sumfwna kai me ton titlo
toy, perigrafei thn sxediash toy Unix se ba8os.
P. Abrahams, B. Larson, Unix for the Impatient, Addison Wesley, 1995,
ISBN: 0-201-55703-7 Keimeno anaforas sto Unix, synoptiko alla kai
plhres. Einai katallhlo gia na briskei kaneis grhgora kai me akribeia,
apanthseis se problhmata. (*)
W.R. Stevens, Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, Addison
Wesley, 1996, ISBN: 0-201-56317-7 To katallhlo biblio gia opoion 8elei
na programmatisei sto Unix. (*)
W.R. Stevens, UNIX Network Programming, Addison Wesley, 1996, ISBN:
0-13-90012-X Ean skefteste na asxolh8eite me programmatismo se diktyo
(px Internet, TCP/IP) hr8e h wra na agorasete ayto to biblio. (*)
7.6. Diaxeirish Systhmatos
E. Nemeth, G. Snyder, S. Seebass, Unix System Administration Handbook,
Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN: 0-13-933441-6 Klassiko biblio, biblos toy
diaxeiristh (*)
D. r, B. Hunter, B. Smith, Unix System V Release 4 Administration,
Hayden, 1991, ISBN: 0-672-22810-6 Sxoliazetai ws to aparaithto biblio
gia thn organwsh enos praktikou, apodotikou kai paragwgikou Unix.
AEleen Frisch, Essential System Administration 2nd Edition, O'Reilly &
Associates, 1996, ISBN 15659212755 Ena ejairetiko biblio gia
Diaxeirish Systhmatos me polles plhrofories eidika gia to Linux. (*)
7.7. Asfaleia Systhmatos sto Unix
S. Garfinkel, G. Spafford, Practical Unix Security and Internet,
O'Reilly, 1996, ISBN: 0-937175-72-2 Ola ta aparaithta metra gia na
kanete to susthma sas oso to dynaton asfalestero. (*)
7.8. Unix kai Internet
AA.VV., Building a Unix Internet Server, New Riders, ISBN:
1-56205-494-5 Periexei CD me ola ta xrhsima ergaleia, gia thn
egkatastash enos Internet Server.
Que, Running perfect internet site with linux, U. Hoepli ed., 1995,
ISBN 0789705141
7.9. Ellhnika biblia gia to UNIX
Osa biblia apo ta parapanw einai me (*), yparxoyn sthn Ellada, an kai
ametafrasta. Osa biblia apo ta parapanw einai me (**GR), yparxoyn
sthn Ellada metafrasmena. Kalutera bebaia rwthste sta bibliopwleia
gia sigoyria (bl. ``'')
8. To Linux sthn Ellada
Oi energoi Ellhnes xrhstes prepei na einai pleon panw apo xilioi (Okt.
98) kai exoyn sxhmatisei ena diktyo metaju toys, poy perilambanei
komboys FTP, news hosts me omades syzhthsewn, IRC channels kai
proswpikes selides sto Internet. Ta pio shmantika shmeia poy prepei
kaneis na episkeftei einai ton kentriko ellhniko kombo www.linux.gr
kai tis selides toy nomika anagnwrismenoy syllogoy Hellug, sthn
dieu8ynsh www.hellug.gr. To -peripoy mhniaio- periodiko magaz einai
endeiktiko twn epityxhmenwn ellhnikwn prospa8eiwn: magaz.hellug.gr.
8.1. Listes kai omades syzhthsewn (Newsgroups)
H taktikh epikoinwnia Ellhnwn gia to Linux ginetai apo thn
linux.greek.users, arxika ftiagmenh me prwtoboylia toy Giannh Iwannoy,
ston Argea (tote argeas.argos.hol.gr, nyn argeas.hellug.gr) kai twra
trexei sto mhxanhma toy syllogoy, Epeidh thn lista thn diabazoyn
polloi, poy pi8anon den exoyn ellhnika, einai kalh taktikh na
xrhsimopoiountai greeklish:
ayta edv, as poume, einai greeklish.
Yparxei kai list-news gateway ths linux.greek.users sthn dieu8ynsh:
news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/local.linux.greek.users To gateway
xrhsimeuei gia na symmetexei kaneis kai na blepei ta 8emata xwris na
xreiazetai na graftei. Rijte mia matia, kai epanel8ete otan exete
apories. Yparxei kai META FAQ sthn dieu8ynsh http://linux.forth
net.gr/~stsimb/linux/meta-faq.html.
Ektos apo thn linux-greek-users, yparxei kai h linux-howto
(apokleistika gia osoys synthroun keimena toy linux sta ellhnika h
analambanoyn na ektelesoyn kapoies ergasies) kai h hellug (sxetika me
ton panellhnio sullogo).
H selida me thn lista twn listwn mas einai sto
http://lists.hellug.gr/,
8.2. IRC
IRC channel, xrhsimo gia ameses erwthseis kai syzhthseis, einai to
#linux-gr. H selida toy einai http://www.co.umist.ac.uk/~vp/irc/
Alh8eia einai oti to kanali einai syxna xwris polykosmia, se tetoia
periptwsh protimhste thn linux-greek-users.
8.3. Fidonet
Sto Fidonet, yparxei h sxetikh omada syzhthshs "gr.unix", poy synh8ws
exei kai postings sxetika me to Linux. Thn omada ayth, mporei na thn
parakoloy8hsei kaneis, apo tis BBS ellhnikou Fidonet (bl.
http://www.fidonet.gr) Prosoxh 8elei to oti merikes fores synantame
737 ellhnika h/kai flames.
Kai edw yparxei fido-news gateway: news://news.fidonet.gr/fido.gr.unix
kai news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/fido.gr.unix
8.4. Omades Ellhnwn Xrhstwn toy Linux
O sullogos HELLUG einai de facto o panellhnios sullogos twn xrhstwn
toy Linux. 3ekinhse sthn A8hna apo ton Kwsta Blassh me aytes tis
selides sthn compulink: http://www.compulink.gr/linux/.
Mh epishma anagnwrismenes omades yparxoyn sthn 8essalonikh (TheLUG)
kai thn Patra (PLUG). Oi omades einai anoixtes se nea melh kai
endiaferomenoys gia to Linux.
Ean endiafereste gia thn dhmioyrgia enos LUG sthn perioxh sas,
diabaste prwta ayto: http://www.ntlug.org/archive/lug-
howto/index.html.
8.4.1. HELLUG
O sullogos Ellhnwn Xrhstwn kai Filwn Linux HELLUG einai enas mh
kerdoskopikos, nomika anagnwrismenos sullogos apo ton Noembrio toy
1998. Osoi asxolountai me to Linux sthn Ellada, einai kalo na einai
toylaxiston enhmerwmenoi gia thn uparjh toy. O sullogos en8arrunei
opoiadhpote prospa8eia prow8hshs toy Linux, kai einai pro8ymos gia
synergasia me etaireies h idiwtes gia thn prow8hsh toy Linux sthn
Ellada kai thn enhmerwsh gurw apo ayto.
Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite: http://www.hellug.gr
8.4.2. PLUG
Sthn Patra, sto tmhma Mhxanikwn H/Y kai Plhroforikhs, edreuei to PLUG
(Patras Linux Users Group).
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~glavas/linux/
8.4.3. TheLUG
Sthn 8essalonikh, yparxei to TheLUG, poy edreuei se ...taberna. Deite
sto http://hal.csd.auth.gr/thelug/
8.5. Egw pws mporw na boh8hsw
Kat' arxh caxnontas kai diabazontas prwta kai meta rwtwntas, giati
kaneis den exei kairo gia xasimo. Afou breite mia lush poy den einai
gnwsth, parakaloume enhmerwste kai toys ypoloipoys.
Oi pleon shmantikes ergasies einai:
· Lexis, Lejiko orologias plhroforikhs (Aggloellhniko, gia
omoiogeneia metafrasewn)
· Ellhnika HOWTOs, FAQs kai antistoixh tekmhriwsh
· Ejellhnismos toy periballontos kai twn mynhmatwn toy KDE, GNOME
· Yposthrijh ellhnikwn mesw NLS
· Ejellhnismos dianomwn, swsth yposthrijh ellhnikwn. To Suse
brisketai hdh se kalo dromo.
Deite sto http://server.hellug.gr/LUGistics/el/pub/PRJ_main.php3
gia analytikoteres plhrofories. Ean pisteuete oti eiste se 8esh na
syneisferete se kapoio apo ta parapanw, parakaloume kante to.
Einai polu shmantiko ean breite thn lush se kapoio problhma kai den
anaferetai ston kwdika h sthn tekmhriwsh (px se ayto to keimeno), na
anatrejete ston antistoixo syggrafea kai na ton enhmerwsete, h na
gracete ena diko sas ar8ro gia to magaz h akoma kai HOWTO to opoio 8a
prepei na mas steilete sto Hellug, gia na mpei mazi me ta alla
ellhnika keimena.
Ean prokeitai gia allagh se kapoio programma (px 8bit patch),
apey8yn8eite ston sxetiko programmatisth, h etoimaste mia compiled
ekdosh gia ton ftp server toy Hellug. Prospa8eiste na kanete oson to
dynaton pio oloklhrwmenh doyleia kai akoloy8eiste ta protypa kai
me8odoys poy akoloy8oun oloi oi alloi.
8.6. Internet Sites
8.6.1. WWW
· http://www.linux.gr
· http://www.hellug.gr
· http://magaz.hellug.gr
8.6.2. FTP
Epishmo pleon FTP site gia oti afora Ellhnes kai Ellhnika sto Linux
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/
Gia dianomes toy Linux deite:
· FTP.LINUX.GR - /pub/
· NTUA - /pub/linux
· Forthnet - /pub/linux
· Compulink /pub/linux
8.6.3. Komboi ths Allodaphs :-)
· http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/ Edw stegazetai to Linux Documentation
Project, to kentriko shmeio tekmhriwshs toy Linux
· http://www.linux.org/ Ayto einai to linux.org. 8ewrhtika 8a eprepe
apo edw na phgainei kaneis grhgora opoydhpote, alla ayto den
symbainei panta sthn prajh. Einai bebaia ena polu shmantiko site.
· http://www.linux.eu.org/ To paneyrwpaiko diktyo kombwn.
· http://www.li.org/ Edw brisketai to Linux International, melh toy
einai (megales) etaireies plhroforikhs
· http://www.linuxnow.com/ O kombos aytos einai kainourios kai arketa
organwmenos. Periexei SOFTWARE, HOWTOs, FAQs, klp.
· http://www.ssc.com/lj/ H selida toy Linux Journal, mhniaioy
amerikanikou periodikou gia to Linux
· http://www.ssc.com/lg/ H selida toy Linux Gazette, mhniaioy
hlektronikou periodikou gia to Linux
· http://www.linuxmall.com/ Aytos o kombos einai ena emporiko kentro
afierwmeno sto Linux.
· Yahoo.com->computers->operating_systems->Linux H selida toy
8ematikou eyrethrioy toy Yahoo gia to Linux. Exei arketa pragmata.
8.7. Dianomes kai CD
To Linux epeidh einai ftiagmeno apo pollous kai xwris kentrikh
organwsh, dia8etei polles "dianomes" (distributions), ka8e mia me ta
dika ths xarakthristika kai oxi aparaithta kaluterh se ola apo tis
ypoloipes:
· Slackware Palaiotera htan h pio synh8ismenh. H teleytaia ekdosh
(5/99) einai h 3.6, deite http://www.slackware.org
· Redhat Exei grafiko periballon egkatastashs kai einai pio polu gia
arxarioys. Epishs h egkatastash ekkineitai eukola apo DOS,
grafontas apla REDHAT. Megalh eykolia einai to RPM poy epitrepei
eukolh (ap)egkatastash efarmogwn. Blepe http://www.redhat.com
· Debian Legetai kai GNU/Linux kai idiaitero xarakthristiko einai oti
einai ypo thn epiblech ths GNU. Deite: http://www.debian.org
· Hellenic Ellhnikh dianomh, apo thn Synaptic Ltd "Software
Development & Trade". H dianomh ayth exei ejantlh8ei kai einai
sxetika palia.
· OpenLinux Apo thn Caldera, arketa sonarh dianomh me megalh aphxhsh
sthn Amerikh. Deite
http://www.calderasystems.com/products/openlinux
· Yggdrasil To prwto plug-n-play Linux. Deite:
http://www.yggdrasil.com
· Suse H pio megalh se pwlhseis sthn Eyrwph. Yparxei se germanikh,
agglikh, italikh, gallikh distribution. Deite: http://www.suse.de/e
Apo thn ekdosh 6.0 kai meta exei yposthrijh ellhnikwn enswmatwmenh,
akoma kai egkatastash sta ellhnika.
Apo tis dianomes aytes prokuptoyn kai ta antistoixa CD:
· Walnut Creek (http://www.cdrom.com) Exei to Slackware.
· Redhat (http://www.redhat.com) Exei thn omwnymh dianomh. Teleytaia
ekdosh h 6.0
· SuSe (http://www.suse.com) Exei thn omwnymh dianomh. Teleytaia
agglikh ekdosh h 6.3 (Noembrioy 1999)
· Infomagic http://www.infomagic.com Exei ta parapanw, thn Debian KAI
toys katalogoys toy metalab.unc.edu kai tsx-11.mit.edu. Legetai
"Linux Developer's Resource" einai ligo apo ola kai exei 6 CD.
8.8. Bibliopwleia kai dianomeis twn CD
To Linux se CD to briskei kaneis sta ejhs katasthmata:
A8HNA:
· STEP, Akth Moytsopouloy 36, TK18536, Peiraias, 4181239, Exei to
Suse Linux (http://www.step.gr)
· Papaswthrioy A.E., Stoyrnarh 3, TK10682, A8HNA, 3809821, 3848254
(http://www.papasotiriou.gr)
· Papaswthrioy A.E., Kolokwtrwnh 10, Emp. Kentro Kerasies Khfisias,
6231854
· Ekdoseis Kleidari8mos, Stoyrnarh 37, TK10682, A8HNA, 3829629,
3841021, 3300104 (http://www.klidarithmos.gr)
· Vertigo EPE, Mpotash 6, TK10682, A8HNA, 3824536, 3806801 (+FAX)
8ESSALONIKH:
· Informatics Services Application, Dwdekanhsoy 61, TK55131,
Kalamaria, 031-424512, (http://www.suse.gr)
· Malliarhs Paideia, Aristoteloys 9 (http://www.malliaris.gr)
· Papaswthrioy A.E., E8n. Amunhs 40, 243660
PATRA:
· Papaswthrioy A.E., Maizwnos 58, TK 26221, 061-624918, 061-624917
H parapanw lista endexomenws den einai plhrhs. Ean gnwrizete
kapoia stoixeia poy moy einai agnwsta h anakribh, parakalw
enhmerwste me.
9. FAQ
9.1. Pws jekinhse to Linux;
To Linux einai oysiastika mono o pyrhnas toy Leitoyrgikou systhmatos,
kai jekinhse to 1990 apo enan finlando foithth ton Linus Torvalds, san
omadikh peiramatikh idea ston tote kainourio 386. Ta ypoloipa ta
gnwrizete...
9.2. Ti logoys exw gia na egkatasthsw to Linux;
Ean 8elete ena ajiopisto leitoyrgiko susthma, me kalh apodosh, xwris
kollhmata kai plh8wra efarmogwn kai den fobaste ena kainourio
periballon ergasias, tote to Linux einai gia esas. Mporeite px me
?.000drx na to agorasete se 6 CD, mazi me tis polles efarmoges toy, h
na dwsete kati parapanw gia na parete mia eukolh sto sthsimo dianomh
mazi me egxeiridio xrhshs.
To Linux einai ena ka8ara 32bit Leitoyrgiko Susthma, me
polyepejergastikes (multitasking) dynatothtes. Sthn prajh ayto
shmainei, oti mporeite na trexete polles efarmoges taytoxrona, xwris
kindyno na "kremasei" o ypologisths. To Linux exei:
· kaluterh ajiopoihsh toy systhmatos apo to DOS, Win 3.x
· kalutero multitasking apo ta Windows 95,
· kaluterh apodosh apo ta Windows NT,
· polles efarmoges se sugkrish me to OS/2.
To Linux ws gnhsio Unix, exei eggenws ylopoihmeno to TCP/IP, to
prwtokollo toy Internet. Einai katallhlo gia diktyakes efarmoges,
kai mporei na doylecei me ajiopistia ws dromologhths h proxy. Exei
POSIX compliance kai yposthrizei TCP/IP & SPX/IPX, SNMP & RIP, NCP,
SMB. Ws server einai polu dynato se oles aytes tis periptwseis:
file server, printer server, web server, ftp server, news server,
mail (pop) server. Mporei na antikatasthsei ena susthma me Windows
NT h Novell Netware DIAFANA gia toys clients. To Linux einai
synyfasmeno me to GNU project ths Free Software Foundation (FSF).
To GNU ekfrazei mia filosofia synergasias, opoy kapoios poy grafei
ena programma to dia8etei se oloys aney amoibhs. Apotelesma aytou
einai h eleu8erh antigrafh toy, kai oti einai dwrean. Sthn
periptwsh twn CD, plhrwnei kaneis mono to kostos toys.
9.3. Pws mporw na ma8w ta basika gia to Linux;
Polu ektenhs analysh, ka8ws kai kala epilegmeno didaktiko yliko, sta
agglika, yparxei edw:
http://basiclinux.hypermart.net/basic/index.html#lessons.
9.4. Symbatothta;
Kat' arxhn to Linux diabazei ola ta fileystems twn allwn leitoyrgikwn
(FAT, VFAT, FAT32, NTFS, HPFS, HFS, ISO9660, Rock-Ridge, Joliet, UFS
klp).
· To DOSEMU 8a sas epitrecei na trejete efarmoges toy DOS poy trexoyn
se eikonikes mhxanes ypo ton elegxo toy pyrhna (vm86). Doyleuei
polu ajiopista kai diati8etai dwrean opws to Linux.
· To WABI 8a sas epitrecei na trejete 16bit efarmoges twn WIN3.11,
alla stoixizei 199$
· To WINE kanei thn idia doyleia dwrean, alla oxi toso kala.
Teleytaia (1999) deixnei sobara shmadia wrimanshs.
· To Executor mporei na trejei efarmoges gia Macintosh.
Oi pio polloi endiaferontai gia na mporoun na diabazoyn arxeia doc
poy proerxontai apo Office kai yparxei gia aytous to StarOffice
5.1, poy diabazei mexri kai Word 97 keimena. Ean apo8hkeuate ta
dedomena sas xrhsimopoiwntas anoixta protypa (txt, dbf, html, rtf),
8a breite toylaxiston ena ergaleio gia na doylecete me ayta, ean
oxi...
9.5. Ti SOFTWARE yposthrizetai;
Praktika ta panta, arkei na milame gia anoikta kai diadedomena protypa
kai prwtokolla: sxedon pote den eiste o prwtos poy exei ena
sygkekrimeno problhma kai kapoios allos to exei lusei gia esas.
To metalab einai to kat' ejoxhn shmeio gia na brei kaneis programmata
gurw apo to antikeimeno poy ton endiaferei, deite
http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/
To Linux Software Map (LSM) exei olo to yparxon logismiko. Mporeite
na kanete kai anazhthsh me lejeis kleidia.
http://www.boutell.com/lsm/
Epishs polu dhmofileis einai kai oi selides toy Bill Latura:
http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
9.6. Ti einai to compile toy pyrhna;
Sto Linux ton pyrhna mporei kaneis na ton ftiajei o idios, me mia
diadikasia poy legetai compile. An kai einai dynaton na doylecei
kapoios me enan etoimo, einai kalh idea na ftiajei enan pyrhna
prosarmosmeno sto susthma toy, idiaitera ean 8elei ejeidikeymenes
dynatothtes. H diadikasia synistatai idiaitera se aytous poy 8eloyn
na mplejoyn me ta endotera toy leitoyrgikou systhmatos.
Oi entoles poy xreiazontai gia ena typiko compile einai (ta # einai
sxolia):
cd /usr/src/linux
make config # h make menuconfig h make xconfig, exei kai help.
make dep
make clean
make zImage # meta apo ayto, yparxei o pyrhnas sto /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage
make modules # Ta modules ftiaxnontai prin arxisei h diadikasia egkatastashs
make modules_install # Egkatastash twn modules sto /lib
make install # prosoxh na yparxoyn oi swstes ry8miseis sto /etc/lilo.conf
H teleytaia entolh einai ayth poy 8a sthsei ton pyrhna (synh8ws sto
/vmlinuz), syndeontas ton me ton boot loader LILO. Ena reboot, 8a
balei ton neo pyrhna se xrhsh... (molis brhkate ton monadiko logo poy
kanei kaneis reboot me linux).
9.7. Ti einai ayto to SIG11;
To SIG11 einai oysiastika ena sfalma prostasias (Protection Fault).
Einai arketa pi8ano na symbei thn wra poy ftiaxnoyme pyrhna kai h
aitia einai oti to susthma ekeinh thn wra zorizetai - DIABASTE: Polla
SIG11 shmainoyn kako yliko h problhmata symbatothtas me thn mnhmh,ton
epejergasth, thn mhtrikh. Gia perissoteres plhrofories, deite:
http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/
9.8. Yparxoyn alla eleu8era Unix;
Sto xwro toy Unix exoyme ta ejhs eleu8erhs xrhshs leitoyrgika:
· Linux
· GNU Hurd
· FreeBSD
· NetBSD
· OpenBSD
Apo ola ayta mono to FreeBSD exei praktikh ajia, einai idiaitera
gnwsto gia thn sta8erothta toy kai thn apodosh toy se systhmata
ejyphretwn me entonh xrhsh (px ftp.cdrom.com). Einai par' ola ayta
pio dusxrhsto apo to Linux, kai den exei tetoia plh8wra logismikou.
Teleytaia, trexei ta pio polla programmata toy Linux me ejomoiwsh.
Ean 8elete na peiramatisteite me tupoy BSD UNIX, ajizei na
asxolh8eite mazi toy.
9.9. Basikh orologia
i18n
I{-- 18 letters --}n = Internationalization
e13n
Europeanization
l10n
Localization
ANSI
American National Standards Institute, the US member of ISO
ASCII
American Standard Code of Information Interchange
CP Code Page
CP850
Code Page 850, the most widely used MS DOS code page
CR Carriage Return
CTAN server
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, the world's largest
repository for TeX related material. It consists of three sites
mirrowing each other: ftp.shsu.edu, ftp.tex.ac.uk, ftp.dante.de.
The current configuration, including known mirrows, can be
obtained by fingering ctan_us@ftp.shsu.edu
DEC
Digital Equipment Corp.
DIN
Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Industry Norm)
DOS
Disk Operating System
EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ---a proprietary
IBM character set used on mainframes
ECMA
European Computer Manufacturer's Association
emacs
Editing Macros, a family of popular text editors
Esperanto
A synthetic, universal language developed by Dr. Zamenhof in
1887.
FSF
Free Software Foundation
FTP
File Transmission Protocol
GNU
GNU's not Unix, an FSF project
GPL
General Public License
IBM
International Business Machines Corp.
IP Internet Protocol
ISO
International Standards Organization
KOI8
???---a popular encoding for Cyrillic on UNIX workstations
LaTeX
A macro package for TeX
MCS
DEC's Multilingual Character Set---the ISO 8859--1 draft
standard
MIME
Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension
OS Operating System
POSIX
Portable Operating System Interface (an IEEE UNIX standard)
PS PostScript, Adobe's printer language
RFC
Request for Comment, an Internet standard
sed
stream editor, a UNIX file manipulation utility
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
TeX
Donald Knuth's typesetting program
URL
a WWW Uniform Resource Locator
US-ASCII
the US national variant of ISO 646, see ASCII
VMS
Virtual Memory System---DEC's proprietary OS
WWW
World Wide Web
X11
X Window System
10. Pinakes xarakthrwn, character sets
O H/Y gia na parasthsei ta glwssika sumbola xrhsimopoiei 1byte=8bit,
dhladh exoyme 2^8=256 diaforetika grammata. O kwdikas ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) orizei aysthra mono ta
prwta 128 sumbola (7bit). Ta alla misa sumbola xrhsimopoiountai gia
apeikonish eidikwn symbolwn allwn glwsswn alla kai grafikwn symbolwn.
Anti8eta, me alles eyrwpaikes glwsses ta ellhnika einai ej' oloklhroy
sta 8bit. O profanhs logos einai ta polla diaforetika sumbola poy
exei h ellhnikh glwssa se sxesh me tis ypoloipes.
Pros8etes plhrofories gia ta ellhnika sto Diadiktyo, mporeite na
breite sto RFC 1947, "Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail
Messages". Deite sxetika
http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc1947.html
10.1. Typopoihseis twn ellhnikwn
Ta ellhnika yparxoyn se polles diaforetikes typopoihseis. Oi pio
synh8ismenes apo aytes, einai ta 737 kai ta 928. Amfotera einai gia
monotonika ellhnika. Ta men 737 xrhsimopoiountai apo to DOS, ta de
928 apo ola ta UNIX kai Windows (me mikres parallages). To Linux exei
san kuria kwdikoselida ta 928. To oti exoyme gia Ellhnika duo kai
pleon protypa, fysika, einai megalo problhma, poy jepernietai me
eidikous metatropeis, gia allagh apo to ena set sto allo.
Apo thn tekmhriwsh ths Oracle gia to Linux kai ta egxeiridia toy
server, mporei kaneis na brei ta diadedomena ellhnika protypa poy
xrhsimopoiountai se baseis dedomenwn (ara kai sta pio shmantika
systhmata H/Y) kai toys typopoihmenoys (ma pali;) kwdikous toys:
· EL8ISO8859P7, Dhl. to ISO8859-7 gia to UNIX & Internet. Einai
gnwsto kai ws 928 & Latin7.
· EL8MSWIN1253, Ta Windows ellhnika
· EL8PC737, Ta DOS ellhnika
· EL8MACGREEK, O Macintosh xrhsimopoiei ELOT-823 (IBM 851).
· EL8MACGREEKS
· EL8PC437S
· EEC8EUROPA3
· EL8EBCDIC875, IBM mainframes greek character set
· EL8DEC, Ayta einai logika ta DEC, VAX/VMS ellhnika. (kaneis
palios???)
Epishs, to OS/2 xrhsimopoiei thn kwdikoselida 869 kai 851 gia ta
ellhnika.
10.2. 737
Ta 737 einai epishs gnwsta kai ws 437G (=437Greek), giati proekycan
apo tropopoihsh twn amerikanikwn 437. Ta 737 prwtoemfanisthkan stis
ellhnikes EPROM twn MDA kai Hercules kartwn grafikwn twn prwtwn PC,
opoy briskontan dhladh sto HARDWARE. Xrhsimopoih8hkan kata koron sto
DOS, kai gia ayto ola ta arxeia poy proerxontai apo ekei anamenetai na
einai 737. Epeidh ta 737 8ewrountai pleon kataloipo toy DOS, einai
kalutera na metatrecete ta arxeia poy einai 737 se 928, bl. ``''. Sto
Linux, h kwdikoselida 737 yposthrizetai plhrws mono sthn konsola
(text-mode), alla yparxoyn kai merikes grammatoseires gia X-Windows.
10.2.1. Tropopoihsh pyrhna gia yposthrijh 737
Exoyn anafer8ei periptwseis, opoy to "d" (DELTA mikro) den
plhktrologeitai se kapoioys pyrhnes kai ayto symbainei giati sympiptei
me to 128+ESC (128+27=155=asc("d")). Phgainete sto
/usr/src/linux/drivers/char/console.c, kapoy leei:
&& (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
&& (c != 128+27);
allajte se
&& (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
/* && (c != 128+27)*/;
kai kanete compile ena neo pyrhna.
10.2.2. 737 se X-windows
Ta 737 yposthrizontai se merikes apo tis fixed grammatoseires poy
einai sto paketo Grafis: ``''.
[ah@computer.org]'s report for names (from xlsfonts):
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-85-85-m-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--14-110-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--16-120-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--23-179-85-85-m-120-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--10-100-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
-misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
(nomizw kapoia exoyn bugs kai exw skopo na ta diorthwsw se next release).
10.3. 928
Ta ellhnika 928 einai h pio sugxronh kai diadedomenh typopoihsh kai
ka8ierw8hke arxika apo ton ELOT. Argotera eginan apodekta kai apo ton
ISO ws ISO-Latin-8859-7, h apla Latin7, akoma kai h UNICODE yposthrijh
ellhnikwn basizetai se ayta. Ta 928 xrhsimopoiountai se oles tis
efarmoges twn UNIX, sto Internet kai apoteloun to shmerino protypo kai
gia to Linux. To protypo 928 yposthrizetai, kai sthn konsola (text-
mode), kai se grafiko periballon (X-Windows).
10.3.1. Windows-1253
H kuria apoklish twn Windows ellhnikwn (Windows-1253) apo thn
typopoihsh ELOT 928, einai o xarakthras "A", (A tonoumeno) toy 928 o
opoios sta Windows antistoixei sto Paragraph mark. Apo ta Windows-1253
leipoyn epishs h anw teleia, kai ta ellhnika omoiwmatika << kai >>.
Epeidh moiraia 8a prepei na apodextoume ton periorismo ayto poy mas
8etoyn ta MS-Windows, kai epeidh arketoi xrhstes xrhsimopoioun wintel
platforma ergasias, kalo 8a einai na apofeugetai to < A tonoumeno >
kata thn apostolh e-mails, postings, klp. Enallaktika mporeite na
xrhsimopoieite to 'A ( ' = SHIFT+" ) Paromoia problhmata yparxoyn kai
me ta 'E kai 'O. Gia eykolia sas, ayta einai ola ta tonoumena kata
928: AEHIOUW.
10.4. Unicode
Ta UNICODE (ISO 10646) einai 16bit (dhl. 65536 syndiasmoi) kai
perilambanoyn polles glwsses, mazi me ta nea ellhnika, poy exoyn
offset #370 kai ta arxaia ellhnika me offset #1F00. Yposthrizontai
apo ta nea mexri ta arxaia (polytonika) ellhnika kai Grammikh B! To
Linux yposthrizei eswterika ta UNICODE, alla akoma h xrhsh toys den
einai diadedomenh, giati ejartatai kai apo thn yio8ethsh toys apo tis
efarmoges. Gia perissotera deite: http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Unicode-
HOWTO.html
====================================================================
Vasilis Vasaitis <vas@hal.csd.auth.gr>:
An kai den exw asxolh8ei ektenws me to antikeimeno, mporw na syneisferw
kapoia gnwsh poy exw epi toy 8ematos. Loipon, exoyme kai leme:
Kapoia stigmh, se anupopto xrono, eixa katebasei ena Unicode fixed font
gia ta X windows. Epeidh duskola sbhnw ayta poy katebazw, to brhka na
ka8etai akoma sto disko moy. H grammatoseira ayth den periexei to plhres
Unicode, afou ayto apoteleitai apo perissoteroys apo 38000 xarakthres, apo
toys opoioys oi perissoteroi einai Kinezika/Iapwnika/Koreatika, poy etsi ki
alliws sto 6x13 toy fixed den mpainoyn. Omws me peripoy 2800 xarakthres (h
ekdosh poy exw egw toylaxiston) kaluptei plhrws thn latinikh, ellhnikh,
kyrillikh, armenikh, gewrgianh kai ebraikh grafh, syn kapoia texnika kai
ma8hmatika sumbola. H grammatoseira ayth mporei na xrhsimopoih8ei ws protypo
apo opoiondhpote endiaferetai na sxediasei grammatoseires me pollous
xarakthres· sxetika me pio praktikes efarmoges, deite parakatw. H selida toy
tupoy poy thn eftiaje, an einai akoma h idia, einai:
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/
Yposthrijh sthn konsola:
H konsola yposthrizei Unicode edw kai kati aiwnes, mesw bebaia toy UTF8
(gia osoys den jeroyn, to UTF8 einai mia anaparastash toy UniCode me
metablhto mege8os, to opoio gia gia toys 128 prwtoys xarakthres exei thn
idia morfh me to ASCII). To 8ema einai oti etsi ki alliws h yposthrijh ths
VGA gia xarakthres poy emfanizontai sygxronws einai polu periorismenh (256,
512 xwris to anabosbhma).
Yposthrijh sta X:
H grammatoseira poy anaferw parapanw doyleuei mia xara, kai h teleytaia
fora poy th dokimasa htan prin polu kairo. Epishs, tyxainei na exw enan X
server me enswmatwmenh yposthrijh TrueType fonts (den fortwnw font server),
kai blepw oti kai ta TrueType doyleuoyn mia xara. Gia osoys den jeroyn, ta
XFree86 4.0 8a erxontai me enswmatwmenh yposthrijh TrueType. H Microsoft
(den exw apo allh etaireia) xrhsimopoiei stis grammatoseires ths to Windows
Glyph List 4 (WGL4), to opoio einai yposunolo toy ISO 10646-1 (ligo polu
ayto poy exei h grammatoseira poy periegraca arxika).
Efarmoges:
Edw katarreoyn ola. Ayth th stigmh yparxoyn kana dyo programmata poy
kanoyn metatroph apo/pros UTF8, to yudit kai to Netscape poy mazeuoyn apo
edw ki apo ekei gia na broyn arketa sumbola toy Unicode, kai apo ekei kai
pera to xaos. Pantws kalon 8a einai na arxisei prospa8eia gia ta fonts, kai
fantazomai oti oi efarmoges 8a koitajoyn na akoloy8hsoyn.
---------------
Report apo Panagioti Vrioni:
Gnwrizw oti o Giannis Gyftomitros <yang@hellug.gr> exei hdh arxisei
na asxoleitai me thn dunatothta dhmiourgias Unicode grammatoseirwn
pou na periexoun kai ta ellhhnika (Project Grafis, bl. GRArial k.l.),
isws na exei proxwrhsei kai parapera...
Apo thn ekdosh 6.0, o XFS pou periexetai sto Red Hat exei patch wste
na mporei na emfanisei Trye Type Fonts. Bl. sxetiko "White Paper" stho
"support" ths http://www.redhat.com/ . An balete Unicode TTFonts
(px. ths M$) auta paizoun, me thn ennoia oti fainontai dia8esima
ta fonts me xilia-duo diaforetika encodings. Den kserw omws an paizoun
kai san unicode grammatoseira, px. gia na dei kapoios ena keimeno
me ellhnika, agglika kai kinezika tautoxrona sto Netscape.
=====================================================================
10.4.1. Unicode Links
Yparxei mia fixed grammatoseira gia Xwindows, deite sxetika:
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html
Yparxei kai enas text editor gia Unicode, me to onoma Yudit,
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/X/yudit-1.1.tar.gz
To protypo UTF-8 einai pleon standard sto Internet, deite to sxetiko
RFC: http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc2279.html
Perissotera gia ta nea ellhnika sta Unicode edw:
http://charts.unicode.org/Unicode.charts/normal/U0370.html
10.5. Metatropeis ellhnikwn
10.5.1. gr2gr
O Aggelos Xaritshs <ah@computer.org> exei gracei ton metatropea ayton:
ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/programs/gr2gr.prl Trexei me perl (5 h 4).
Synepws doyleuei se opoio leitoyrgiko susthma exei egkatasta8ei perl
(unix, dos, win32, os2, mac, vms ...).
Yposthrizei polla diaforetika ellhnika, opws:
· 928: ELOT 928
· 437: IBM 437 (*default* input)
· lat: latin greek form, aka greeklish (*default* output)
· 437b: IBM 437b
· win: Windows
· mac: Macintosh
· 851: 851
· 869: 869
· quad: quadtek
· sym: standard Symbol font codes (English garbled)
· wgr: WinGreek (Windows shareware prg) encoding
· troff: troff symbol font escape sequences, no diacritics
(dialytika)
· kdtex: Dryllerakis TeX (only conversions _to_ kdtex work)
· ibytex: ibygrk TeX (only conversions _to_ ibygrk work)
10.5.2. grfilter
Sto Institouto Texnologias Ypologistwn yparxei to grfilter:
ftp://ftp.cti.gr/pub/src/grfilter.tar
10.5.3. greek2lat
Sto directory ftp://corfu.forthnet.gr/pub/greek2lat yparxei enas
metatropeas apo 928 se greeklish, katallhlos kai gia WEB sites.
10.5.4. trans120.tar.gz
O Kwstas Kwsths, < kosta@kostis.net > exei gracei epishs ayton ton
metatropea, poy yposthrizei kai polla ellhnika, alla kai alles
glwsses: http://www.kostis.net/freeware/trans120.tar.gz
10.5.5. gkconv
Yparxei kai ena programma toy Giwrgoy Sphliwth, metatrepei 437, Win95,
X win. H dieu8ynsh toy agnoeitai.
10.5.6. recode
Ayto einai ena programmataki genikhs xrhshs apo to GNU project, to
opoio yposthrizei metatropeis gia polles diaforetikes glwsses (kai
ellhnika). Isws 8a eprepe ola ta ypoloipa programmata kapoia stigmh
na enswmatw8oun se ayto. Deite sthn dieu8ynsh
http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/recode/recode_toc.html
10.6. Tupoi arxeiwn kai metatroph toys
.txt, .doc
Analoga me thn periptwsh, blepe ``''
.dbf
Synh8ws einai 737, 8eloyn prosoxh sthn metatroph, afhste to gia
kana guru.
.diz,
Synh8ws einai 737, blepe ``''
.html,
Prepei na einai 928, kai fainontai kanonika.
.mov, .avi
An exei ypotitloys sta ellhnika, 8a einai OK :-)
.exe, .com
petajte ta
10.7. Ti yparxei akoma sto Internet sxetika me ellhnika;
Xrhsimoi sundesmoi:
· Ellhniko Fortune: http://kronos.eng.auth.gr/~arvan/fortunes/
· Virgo help on greek: http://www.virgo.gr/baza/greek.html
· Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI): http://www.hri.org
· Font pinakes sto HRI: http://www.hri.org/fonts/unix/pinakec.html
· fonts@argeas: ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/fonts/
· fonts@HRI: ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/fonts/x-win/
· Selida toy Panagiwth Brywnh gia grammatoseires:
http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/grfonts-1.html
· Unix Greek Language Software (old):
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~akonstan/en/greek/software.html
· Unicode Organization: http://www.unicode.org
· I18N FAQ: http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/i18n.html
· ISO fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/ISO-fonts
· International fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/i18n-
fonts
· Using 8 bit characters: ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/
· ISO-8859 sets: http://wwwwbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~czyborra/charsets/
· Much charactersets info (kermit?):
ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/charsets/
· http://www.ora.com/homepages/comp.fonts/
Yaxte na breite oti xreiazeste me ayto to search engine:
http://www.google.org
11. TODO
To kefalaio ayto periexei diafores atajinomhtes plhrofories eite giati
den einai epibebaiwmenes eite giati den einai akoma safes pws 8a
topo8eth8oun sthn domh toy basikou HOWTO. Ean mporeite, analabete ena
sygkekrimeno 8ema, breite thn lush toy, katagracete thn kai steilte
thn.
11.1. sgmlutils
To sgml2html htan ok. A na po oti ekana mia allagh sthn consola gia
ta ellhnika (to paketo me to chcp enos apo thn patra) kai ka8e fora
pou trexo thn perl mou bgazei: perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LC_ALL =
(unset), LC_CTYPE = "iso_8859_7", LANG = (unset) are supported and
installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard
locale ("C"). --------- Prepei na dwseis sgml2txt --charset=latin.
Panayotis.
11.2. groff
Deite sxetika to ar8ro apo ton Giwrgo Keramida sto magaz:
http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/03_groff.html
=====================================================================
[...]
H alln lusn (pio hackeradikn) eivai va kaveis to GROFF sou (to basiko
ergaleio pou xrnsimopoieitai apo to sgml2txt) va katalabaivei OLOUS
tous 8-bit characters, pairvovtas to SHAR pou stelvw parakatw kai
kavovtas oti leei to README tou.
Giorgos.
--- cut here : shell archive follows ---
#!/bin/sh
[...]
exit 0
=====================================================================
The GNU replacement for nroff, groff, has an option to generate ISO
8859-1 coded output, instead of plain ASCII. Thus, you can preview
nroff documents with correctly displayed accented characters. Invoke
groff with the "groff -Tlatin1" option to achieve this.
Groff is free software. It is available from URL
<htmlurl url="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu" name="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">
and many other GNU archives around the world.
11.3. KDE
O Panagiwths Brywnhs <vrypan@hellug.gr> exei jekinhsei thn
metaglwttish toy KDE, enos grafikou periballontos gia Linux/Unix.
Deite sxetika: http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/kde.html, H ergasia
ayth einai polu shmantikh ka8ws ola deixnoyn oti to KDE 8a epikrathsei
gia ena megalo xroniko diasthma, syndiazontas eykolies poy parexontai
se alla grafika periballonta, opws to drag'n'drop, polla xrhsima
utilities me koina xarakthristika (copy-paste), eykolia xeirismou klp.
11.4. vim,viH
Den doyleyoyn oloi oi vi 8-bit, oyte deixnoyn ta ellhnika svsta:
Yparxei enas (toylaxisto) vi clone poy legetai vim (vi improved)
http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/vim/
ftp://ftp.oce.nl/pub/misc/vim
Aytos ektos apo alla kaloydia, einai 8-bit clean kai exei kai ena
language feature, to opoio energopoieitai dior8vnontas to arxeio
src/feature.h
Ekei poy leei:
#if 0
# define HAVE_LANGMAP
#endif
to kanoyme bebaia
#if 1
# define HAVE_LANGMAP
#endif
Meta bazoyme sto ~/.vimrc to parakatv:
----- .vimrc CUT -----
version 4.6
set langmap=AAAAA?CEEEEIIII?NOOOOO?OUaaaaa?ceeeeiiii?nooooo?ou;ABGDEZHUIKLMNJOPRWSTYFXCVabgdezhuiklmnjoprwstyfxcv
----- END OF .vimrc CUT-----
kai meta oi entoles poy dinoyme sto vi mporei na einai kai me ellhnika grammata.
(kserete ti spasimo einai na exeis to plhktrologio gyrismeno sta ellhnika
kai na mhn dexetai entoles).
11.5. nn
(???)
=====================================================================
Add the line ----------------- set data-bits 8 ----------------- to
your /.nn/init (or the global configuration file) in order for nn to
be able to process 8 bit characters
=====================================================================
11.6. tin
(???)
11.7. mtools
Deixnoyn, ypoti8etai, ellhnikoys xarakthres an baloyme to
parakatv sto ~/.mtoolsrc h sto /etc/mtools.conf:
country="30,737,/dosfs/c/win/command/country.sys"
Mallon 8a yparxei mperdema me ta ellhnika (737 h 928?)
Den to exv dokimasei.
11.8. jove
to new JOVE 4.16 if compiled with CTYPE enabled ( -DUSE_CTYPE
-UNO_SETLOCALE) kanei mia xara ellhnika. Prepei omvs na exeis
swsto 8859-7 locale ellhnikvn sto systhma
Mexri kai svsto Upper kai lower casing kanei ! dokimaste to
[From: Angelos Karageorgiou <angelos@incredible.com>]
11.9. pcal
{
Ftiaxnei Postscript calendars se 7 diaforetikes glwsses. To
internationalisation toy pcal egine apo ton A.Haritsis
<<htmlurl url="mailto:ah@computer.org" name="ah@computer.org">>
kai erxetai me sxedon plhres ellhniko eortologio (me kinhtes kai
akintes eortes aytomata topothetoymenes).
Ta hmerologia poy paragontai einai highly customisable (mporei kaneis
eykola na balei proswpikes hmeromhnies).
Yparxei kai ena WWW front-end sto:
http://www-asds.doc.ic.ac.uk/cgi-bin/grcal
Ta latest sources toy pcal einai sto:
http://uptown.turnpike.net/~rogers/
}
11.10. kermit
(???)
=====================================================================
kermit : This is as close as I can get, but not completely satisfying
yet: Put the following in your /.kermrc file
set terminal bytesize 8
set command bytesize 8
set file bytesize 8
set language danish
set file character-set latin1-iso
set transfer character-set latin1-iso
set terminal character-set latin1-iso
I think there are more variables to set, but they are hiding. You
would have to modify these settings if the remote system is DOS or
OS/2 based.
=====================================================================
11.11. SHMEIWSEIS
{tty -s}
------------
"language"_"country"."character_encoding"
el_GR.8859-7
It looks as if "language" is the two-letter code for the language from
ISO 639, and "country" is the two-letter code for the country from ISO
3166, but I don't know of any standard specifying "character_encoding".
------------
Opoios eftase ws edw sigoyra 8a paei polu mprosta...