Ellhniko ISP-Connectivity-mini-HOWTO
Michael Strates, mstrates@croftj.net
v2.0, 6 Noembrioy 1997
To keimeno ayto perigrafei pws na ry8misete to PPP, na synde8eite me
ton ISP sas, na ry8misete to mail kai ta news, na parete monimh
dieu8ynsh IP (an yparxei dia8esimh), na parete domain name, kai na
exete ena swsto susthma na trexei se ligo perissotero apo 30 lepta.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Eisagwgh
1.1 Nees ekdoseis aytou toy keimenoy
1.2 Anadrash
1.3 H klassikh Apokurhjh Ey8ynwn kai Dikaiwmatwn
1.4 Plhrofories Pneymatikhs Idiokthsias
2. Sundesh me ton ejw kosmo
2.1 Milwntas kai epikoinwnwntas me to pppd kai to chat
2.2 Diey8unseis IP, Domain Names kai Ypodiktya (Subnets)
3. Hlektronikh Allhlografia (Electronic Mail) sto Linux sas
______________________________________________________________________
1. Eisagwgh
O kurios stoxos aytou toy keimenoy einai profanws na ejoikeiwsei to
neo xrhsth me toys pollous oroys gia th sundesh toy H/Y Linux sto
internet, thn apokthsh diey8unsewn IP, domain names, kai thn ru8mish
twn pragmatwn. Aytos o odhgos proorizetai ton meso xrhsth, parol'ayta
ejypnoi arxarioi xrhstes den 8a exoyn problhmata.
1.1. Nees ekdoseis aytou toy keimenoy
Nees ekdoseis aytou toy keimenoy, 8a stelnontai periodika sto
comp.os.linux.answers. Epishs, 8a prosti8ontai se diafora anonymous
FTP sites ta opoia sygkentrwnoyn tetoioy eidoys plhroforia,
symperilambanomenoy toy:
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO
Epipleon, genika 8a prepei na mporeite na breite ayto to keimeno sth
selida toy Linux Documentation Project mesw toy:
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
1.2. Anadrash
Gia sxolia, parathrhseis, dior8wseis, enhmerwseis peri ths Ellhnikhs
metafrashs aytou toy HOWTO, steilte email sthn Boula Sanida :
voulariba@hellug.gr h ston Eyripidh Papakwsta : evris@hellug.gr kai
enallaktika : ep@rocketmail.com
Opoiesdhpote apanthseis, or8ografika la8h, to pws doulecan ola,
eyxaristhria, shmeiwseis kai kritikes panw se ayto to HOWTO einai
fysika eyprosdektes. Elpizw na boh8hsa arketous an8rwpoys me ayto to
HOWTO, kai an to ekana, 8a xairomoyn polu na to ma8w.
mstrates@croftj.net
http://linloft.home.ml.org/
1.3. H klassikh Apokurhjh Ey8ynwn kai Dikaiwmatwn
Kammia ey8unh gia ta periexomena aytou toy keimenoy den ginetai
apodekth. Xrhsimopoihste tis ennoies, ta paradeigmata kai loipa
periexomena me dikh sas ey8unh. Epeidh ayth einai mia nea ekdosh aytou
toy keimenoy, pi8ana na yparxoyn la8h kai anakribeies, poy mporei na
prokalesoyn zhmia sto susthma sas. Proxwrhste me prosoxh, kai parolo
poy jerw oti ayto 8a sas einai dysaresto, alla den analambanw thn
ey8unh gi' ayto.
Fysika, einai pi8ano na yparxoyn kaluteroi kai eykoloteroi tropoi na
kanete ta pragmata poy anaferontai se ayto to keimeno. Panta 8a
yparxei ki allos tropos ston kosmo toy LINUX. Aytos einai o tropos poy
kanw egw ta pragmata, kai aytos einai o tropos poy 8a ta paroysiasw
s'ayto to HOWTO.
1.4. Plhrofories Pneymatikhs Idiokthsias
Ayto to keimeno einai pneymatikh idiokthsia (c) toy Michael Strates
apo to 1997 kai dianeimetai sumfwna me toys parakatw oroys:
· Ka8e keimeno Linux HOWTO mporei na epanaparax8ei kai dianemh8ei
oloklhro h meros toy, se ka8e meso, fysiko h hlektroniko, oso ayth
h shmeiwsh peri pneymatikhs idiokthsias diathreitai se ola ta
antigrafa. H emporikh anadianomh epitrepetai kai en8arrunetai.
Parola ayta, o syggrafeas 8a h8ele na eidopoih8ei gia tetoies
dianomes.
· Oles oi metafraseis, paragomenes ergasies, h a8roistikes ergasies
poy enswmatwnoyn opoiodhpote keimeno Linux HOWTO prepei na
synodeuontai apo ayth th shmeiwsh pneymatikhs idiokthsias. Ayto
shmainei oti, den mporeite na paragete mia ergasia poy prokuptei
apo ena HOWTO kai na epiballete pros8etoys periorismous kata th
dianomh ths. Ejaireseis se aytous toys kanones mporei na ginoyn
katw apo idiaiteres syn8hkes. Epikoinwnhste, parakalw, me to
syntonisth toy Linux HOWTO sth dieu8ynsh poy akoloy8ei.
· An exete kapoia erwthsh, epikoinwnhste parakalw me ton Tim Bynum,
to syntonisth toy Linux HOWTO, sto
linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu Kante Finger gia na breite thlefwniko
ari8mo kai snail mail address.
2. Sundesh me ton ejw kosmo
S'ayto to keimeno, 8a ejhghsoyme pws na to kanete ayto xrhsimopoiwntas
to PPP (Point to Point Protocol), ena dhmofiles prwtokollo poy sxedon
panta xrhsimopoieitai sto Internet. Epitrepei sto modem sas na milaei
ston ejw kosmo. Ayto kanei oti ekanan kai oi efarmoges Trumpet
Winsock sta Windows 3.x, kai polla alla programmata poy pi8ana na mhn
exete dei pote.
Sto Linux, xrhsimopoioume ena programma poy legetai chat gia na
kalesoyme ton ISP kai meta xrhsimopoioume th boh8htikh efarmogh pppd
gia na "xrhsimopoihsoyme" th sundesh. Kata mia ennoia, to chat einai
o dialer, kai to pppd to prwtokollo. 8a perigracoyme pws ginetai h
egkatastash parakatw.
2.1. Milwntas kai epikoinwnwntas me to pppd kai to chat
Pi8ana o eykoloteros tropos gia ayta ta pragmata einai na ftiajete ena
script floiou ston home katalogo toy root poy na legetai ppp-connect
kai na energopoieite ayto to script otan 8elete na kanete sundesh. 8a
syzhthsoyme th me8odo ayth.
Anoijte ton agaphmeno sas dior8wth (editor) san root me to /ppp-
connect. 8a prepei twra na apofasisete gia orismenes parametroys.
pppd connect 'chat -v "" "h grammh arxikopoihshs toy modem" ""
ATDTari8mos_toy_ISP CONNECT "" ogin: to_username_sas : to_passwd_sas'
/dev/tty(0/1/2) taxuthta_modem
To pppd kalei to /usr/sbin/pppd sto susthma moy, sthn synexeia
"fortwnei" to chat gia na diekperaiwsei thn klhsh. To chat stelnei th
grammh arxikopoihshs toy modem sto modem, meta kalei to
ATDTari8mos_toy_ISP. Sth synexeia perimenei gia sundesh, meta
perimenei gia ogin: (to l einai sbhsmeno giati merikes fores o prwtos
xarakthras xanetai), stelnei to_passwd_sas, to chat meta, termatizei,
kai metaferei thn doyleia sto pppd.
H teleytaia apo tis entoles orizei th 8ura (port) sto modem sas (to
diko moy einai /dev/ttyS1). Stis perissoteres periptwseis einai to
ttyS1 (COM2: sto DOS), ttyS0 (COM1: sto DOS), h an xrhsimopoieite
Slackware, cua1 h cua0. Speed einai h taxuthta toy modem. Egw
xrhsimopoiw 115200 gia to diko moy modem (33.6k). Ean exete ena
sxetika kainourgio ypologisth (me 16550 UART), tote egw den 8a ebaza
ligotero apo 57600. Alliws, gia taxuthta 14.4k balte 38400. To modem
apla leei sto pppd oti einai mia sundesh basismenh se seiriako modem.
Sbhste to -v ean den 8elete na analytikh katagrafh sta logfiles sas.
To parakatw senario einai enos an8rwpoy poy kalei enan ISP o opoios
jekina aytomata to PPP, px. sthn pragmatikothta den yparxei kapoio
kelyfos (shell) poy na arxizei . Ayth einai h entolh toy sto /ppp-
connect toy:
pppd connect 'chat "" "ATZ" "" ATDT555-1800 CONNECT "" ogin: johnny
word: blackjak' /dev/ttyS1 115200 modem
Alla gia merikous an8rwpoys, poy o ISP jekina ena kelyfos kai den
ekkinei aytomata to PPP, ayto mporei na einai problhma. Eytyxws, to
chat mporei to antimetwpisei kai ayto. Apla pros8este mia entolh
akoma sto chat script. Gia paradeigma, parakatw aytos o tupos, o
johnny, xrhsimopoiei enan ISP o opoios ton bgazei se ena kelyfos
(shell), perimenontas apo ayton na plhktrologhsei ppp gia na apokthsei
mia sundesh ppp. H protroph/endeijh (prompt) toy kelufoys teleiwnei
me ena $. pppd connect 'chat "" "ATZ" "" ATDT555-1800 CONNECT "" ogin:
johnny word: blackjak $ ppp' /dev/ttyS1 115200 modem
An einai panw apo mia lejh, sigoyreyteite, oti einai se eisagwgika.
Elpizw oti mporeite na deite thn genikeysh twn parapanw, kai oti
mporeite na dhmioyrghsete to diko sas script poy na tairiazei sth dikh
sas sundesh. Apla tropopoihste eite to prwto johnny eite to deutero
johnny script gia na tairiazei me to diko sas gousto, port, server,
klp. kai swste to arxeio.
Twra poy ftiajate to arxeio sas, bebaiw8eite oti mono o root mporei na
to ektelesei, na diabasei h na gracei se ayto. Ayto einai polu
shmantiko. Epishs, sigoyreyteite oti kaneis de mporei na diabasei ta
logfiles sas, an apofasisete na afhsete to -v, ka8ws to password
fainete se cleartext sta logs (Proswpika den blepw to logo na yparxei
to -v, ean den katalabainete ti lew, afhste to -v ejw).
2.2. Diey8unseis IP, Domain Names kai Ypodiktya (Subnets)
Gia toys perissoteroys poy xrhsimopoioun ta parapanw, mia metablhth
dieu8ynsh IP den 8a toys enoxlouse. Aytoi oi an8rwpoi einai basika
aploi xrhstes, poy exoyn aplous logariasmous mesw thlefwnoy (dialup
accounts), kai texnika den lambanontai yp'ocin. Ean anhkete se ayth
thn kathgoria, mporeite na mh diabasete ayth thn enothta, 8a perasw
sta shmantika pragmata poy prepei na kanete gia na ry8misete to
susthma sas katallhla. Oi arxarioi prosperaste ayth thn enothta poy
exei na kanei me monimh dieu8ynsh IP, Domain Names kai ypodiktya, kai
phgainete na diabaste to teleytaio kommati ayths ths enothtas.
H apokthsh mias monimhs dieu8ynshs IP mporei na mhn stoixizei ston
ISP, an exete amfibolia peri aytou, rwthste ton. Egw proswpika, 8a
plhrwna gia mia monimh dieu8ynsh IP. Soy epitrepei na stelneis e-mail
xrhsimopoiwntas monadikh dieu8ynsh IP h domain, klp. Ean 8elete na
parete monimh dieu8ynsh IP, steilte ena e-mail sto root@yourisp.com,
kai rwthste eygenika ean mporei na kanonisei wste na sas do8ei kapoia
monimh dieu8ynsh IP.
Otan parete thn monimh dieu8ynsh IP, koitajte ston katalogo /etc gia
na breite poia einai h palia sas dieu8ynsh IP. Egw eprepe na allajw
arxeia ston katalogo sendmail kai sto arxeio /etc/hosts. Yparxoyn kai
merika alla arxeia-kleidia poy 8a breite mono me thn entolh grep.
Anoijte to arxeio /etc/hosts me enan dior8wth kai pros8este th nea
dieu8ynsh IP me th stantar morfh. Epanekkinhste ton ypologisth sas,
kai 8a prepei na eiste etoimoi.
Mporei na xreiastei na allajete to chat script wste na enarmonizetai
me tis nees sas ry8miseis. An anagkastika mpainete se PPP me to poy
jekinate thn sundesh sas, 8a xreiastei na milhsete ston diaxeiristh
diktuoy toy ISP gia na bebaiw8eite oti to PPP susthma anagnwrizei oti
exete monimh dieu8ynsh IP kai sas dinei ayth anti mias opoiasdhpote
allhs. An bre8eite sthn protroph entolhs (prompt) enos kelufoys, kai
xreiazetai na gracete ppp h kati allo prokeimenoy na jekinhsete thn
sundesh sas, anti na plhktrologhsete ayto allajte to /ppp-connect
script wste na to stelnei anti na stelnei apla ppp h otidhpote allo,
me to poy 8a blepei $ h opoiodhpote einai h endeijh toy kelufoys.
/usr/sbin/pppd :H_Dieu8ynsh_IP_Sas
Antikatasthste thn dieu8ynsh IP sas me thn dieu8ynsh IP poy sas edwse
o ISP sas. Sigoyreyteite oti thn perikleiete se " " otan thn bazete
sto chat script sas. An ayto de doyleuei, symboyleyteite ton ISP opoy
anaferetai o PPP daimonas sas kai rwthste ton ti entolh prepei na
dwsete. Mporeite apla na prospa8hsete afhnontas to opws einai kai na
deite an o server 8a sas anagnwrisei kai 8a sas dwsei thn swsth
dieu8ynsh.
To epomeno poy prepei na kanete einai na parete ena domain name.
Gnwrizw oti sthn Aystralia ta, .asn.au kai .org.au einai dwrean. Stis
Hnwmenes Politeies, mporeite na parete ena .us domain dwrean, alla
ayta synh8ws einai megala. Ean eiste sthn Aystralia, prepei na pate
sto http://www.aunic.net/ gia na kataxwrhsete ta domains sas. Stis
Hnwmenes Politeies, einai to http://www.internic.net/ .
Gia na kataxwrhsete domains xreiazetai na mporeite na parexete
yphresies DNS, kai tetoia pragmata. An o ISP den mporei na ta parexei,
jexaste to .asn.au h opoiodhpote allo domain, kai parte ena Monolith
Internet Domain.
H Monolith prosferei dwrean domains se opoiondhpote se olo ton kosmo.
Ola ginontai xwris an8rwpinh parembash, mesa apo formes web me kapoio
browser. To domain sas erxetai sth morfh Your_Choice.ml.org. H
Monolith 8a filojenei to DNS topika gia sas. Ean 8elete na stelnete
kai na lambanete mail apo ayto to domain, zhthste apo ton ISP na ginei
mail exchanger gia sas.
Phgainete sto http://www.ml.org/ kai symplhrwste mia aithsh, eisagete
to NIC mazi me to username kai to password, kai ftiajte ena FREED
domain. 8a xreiastei na eisagete thn dikh sas dieu8ynsh IP, gi' ayto
na eiste etoimoi. To domain sas 8a einai sto DNS se mia-dyo meres.
Twra, 8a proxwrhsoyme sthn enothta gia toys arxarioys h gi'aytous poy
den mporoun na paroyn monimh dieu8ynsh IP h domain name. To mono poy
prepei na kanete einai na kanete edit to arxeio /etc/hosts san root,
peite to site sas kapws poy na mhn yparxei hdh, dwste toy gia
dieu8ynsh IP 10.10.10.10 h kati paromoio kai epanekkinhste ton
ypologisth sas.
Exete molis ry8misei to susthma sas me pppd kai chat se molis deka
lepta. Twra as proxwrhsoyme sthn epomenh enothta, poy exei na kanei me
thn hlektronikh allhlografia (Electronic Mail).
3. Hlektronikh Allhlografia (Electronic Mail) sto Linux sas
Ena apo ta pio shmantika pragmata sto Internet, einai h entypwsiakh
dynatothta na metaferei mail se/apo xwres h pi8ana pio topika. To
Linux einai ejairetika dynato se eukola paketa gia mail apo konsola.
8a asxolh8oume twra me to programma Pine (Program for Internet Mail
and News), poy ftiaxthke sto Panepisthmio ths Washington, kai gia na
katebazete (download) ta mail, me ena programma poy legetai Fetchmail,
apo ton Eric S. Raymond. Kai ta duo 8a prepei na perilambanontai sth
dianomh Linux sas.
To Fetchmail einai ena programma poy katebazei ta e-mail apo ton
server xrhsimopoiwntas POP, metaferei to mail ston ypologisth sas kai
sthn synexeia to sbhnei apo ton server, akribws opws kanei to Eudora h
to Microsoft Internet Mail/Exchange. Gia na ry8misete kai na
aytomatopoihsete to fetchmail, xrhsimopoihste ena arxeio ston home
katalogo sas poy legetai .fetchmailrc. Apla anoijte /.fetchmailrc
(Na 8ymaste: ayto to kanete oxi san root alla san aplos xrhsths) me
opoion dior8wth 8elete kai parathrhste tis parakatw epiloges:
poll mail.yourisp.com proto pop3 user login_name password your_passwd
user login_name with pass your_passwd is login_name here
To mono poy exete na kanete einai na antikatasthsete to
mail.yourisp.com me to onoma toy mail server toy ISP sas, to
your_passwd me to password sas, kai to login_name me to login name
sas.
Ena shmantiko pragma poy prepei na prosexete. Gia to Pine kai gia na
doyleuei swsta ayth h diadikasia, to login name prepei na antistoixei
sto login name poy xrhsimopoieite me ton ISP. Gi' ayto, to topiko sas
login name prepei na tairiazei me ayto poy xrhsimopoieite ston server,
kai sthn e-mail dieu8ynsh sas.
Sth synexeia, bebaiw8eite oti to .fetchmailrc exei ta swsta
permissions (mono user read/write) kai sthn ygeia sas. To Fetchmail
mporei na arxisei me duo tropoys, se standard mode (opote 8a kanei
fetch ta mhnumata apo ton server kai 8a termatisei), h se daemon mode
(opote 8a parameinei energo, kai 8a elegxei/katebazei mail ka8e X
deyterolepta). Gia na xrhsimopoihsete daemon mode, plhktrologhste
fetchmail -a -d(Seconds between Polls). To -a bebaiwnei oti katebazei
ola ta mail. Gia na xrhsimopoihsete to standard mode, plhktrologhste
fetchmail -a.
Sth synexeia, prepei na egkatasthsete to Pine. Anoijte to Pine,
grafontas pine sthn endeijh entolwn, epilejte Setup - Configuration.
Egkatasthste to userdomain san to domain sthn hlektronikh sas
dieu8ynsh, gia paradeigma gia to jack@linux.org, 8a htan linux.org.
Sthn synexeia, dhlwste ton smtp-server san ton POP mail server sas (To
idio poy xrhsimopoihsate kai kata thn ru8mish toy fetchmail). Etsi
eisagoyme to www.linux.org. Ean 8elete news, ry8miste ton nntp server
na deixnei ayton toy ISP.
Ayto htan loipon, ola 8a prepei na doyleuoyn swsta twra. Gia na
synde8eite me ton ISP, apla trejte /ppp-connect san root. Meta, gia
na parete ta e-mail sas trejte to fetchmail -a san o eaytos sas (oxi
san root). Gia na deite ta e-mail kai ta news, xrhsimopoihste to Pine.
An 8elete, egkatasthste enan mh grafiko fyllometrhth (text-based
browser) opws ton Lynx gia na ejereynhsete to web.
Gia opoiadhpote sxolia, erwthseis, protaseis steilte sto
mstrates@croftj.net