DGHFEX

Exchanging eigenvalues of a real 2-by-2, 3-by-3, or 4-by-4 block upper triangular pencil (factored
version)

[Specification] [Arguments] [Method] [References] [Comments] [Example]

Purpose

     To compute orthogonal matrices Q1, Q2, Q3 for a real 2-by-2,
     3-by-3, or 4-by-4 regular block upper triangular pencil

                    ( A11 A12 ) ( B11 B12 )     ( D11 D12 )
       aAB - bD = a (         ) (         ) - b (         ),        (1)
                    (  0  A22 ) (  0  B22 )     (  0  D22 )

     such that the pencil a(Q3' A Q2 )(Q2' B Q1 ) - b(Q3' D Q1) is
     still in block upper triangular form, but the eigenvalues in
     Spec(A11 B11, D11), Spec(A22 B22, D22) are exchanged, where
     Spec(X,Y) denotes the spectrum of the matrix pencil (X,Y), and M'
     denotes the transpose of the matrix M.

     Optionally, to upper triangularize the real regular pencil in
     block lower triangular form

                  ( A11  0  ) ( B11  0  )     ( D11  0  )
     aAB - bD = a (         ) (         ) - b (         ),          (2)
                  ( A21 A22 ) ( B21 B22 )     ( D21 D22 )

     while keeping the eigenvalues in the same diagonal position.
Specification
      SUBROUTINE DGHFEX( UPLO, N1, N2, PREC, A, LDA, B, LDB, D, LDD, Q1,
     $                   LDQ1, Q2, LDQ2, Q3, LDQ3, DWORK, LDWORK, INFO )
C
C     .. Scalar Arguments ..
      CHARACTER          UPLO
      INTEGER            INFO, LDA, LDB, LDD, LDQ1, LDQ2, LDQ3, LDWORK,
     $                   N1, N2
      DOUBLE PRECISION   PREC
C
C     .. Array Arguments ..
      DOUBLE PRECISION   A( LDA, * ), B( LDB, * ), D( LDD, * ),
     $                   DWORK( * ), Q1( LDQ1, * ), Q2( LDQ2, * ),
     $                   Q3( LDQ3, * )
Arguments

Mode Parameters

     UPLO    CHARACTER*1
             Specifies if the pencil is in lower or upper block
             triangular form on entry, as follows:
             = 'U': Upper block triangular, eigenvalues are exchanged
                    on exit;
             = 'L': Lower block triangular, eigenvalues are not
                    exchanged on exit.             
Input/Output Parameters
     N1      (input/output) INTEGER
             Size of the upper left block, N1 <= 2.
             If UPLO = 'U' and INFO = 0, or UPLO = 'L' and INFO <> 0,
             N1 and N2 are exchanged on exit; otherwise, N1 is
             unchanged on exit.

     N2      (input/output) INTEGER
             Size of the lower right block, N2 <= 2.
             If UPLO = 'U' and INFO = 0, or UPLO = 'L' and INFO <> 0,
             N1 and N2 are exchanged on exit; otherwise, N2 is
             unchanged on exit.

     PREC    (input) DOUBLE PRECISION
             The machine precision, (relative machine precision)*base.
             See the LAPACK Library routine DLAMCH.

     A       (input or input/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension
                (LDA, N1+N2)
             On entry, the leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this
             array must contain the matrix A of the pencil aAB - bD.
             The (2,1) block, if UPLO = 'U', or the (1,2) block, if
             UPLO = 'L', need not be set to zero.
             On exit, if N1 = N2 = 1, this array contains the matrix
                               [  0 1 ]
             J' A J, where J = [ -1 0 ]; otherwise, this array is
             unchanged on exit.

     LDA     INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array A.  LDA >= N1+N2.

     B       (input or input/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension
                (LDB, N1+N2)
             On entry, the leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this
             array must contain the matrix B of the pencil aAB - bD.
             The (2,1) block, if UPLO = 'U', or the (1,2) block, if
             UPLO = 'L', need not be set to zero.
             On exit, if N1 = N2 = 1, this array contains the matrix
             J' B J; otherwise, this array is unchanged on exit.

     LDB     INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array B.  LDB >= N1+N2.

     D       (input/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension
                (LDD, N1+N2)
             On entry, the leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this
             array must contain the matrix D of the pencil aAB - bD.
             On exit, if N1 = 2 or N2 = 2, the leading
             (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this array contains the
             transformed matrix D in real Schur form. If N1 = 1 and
             N2 = 1, this array contains the matrix J' D J.

     LDD     INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array D.  LDD >= N1+N2.

     Q1      (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDQ1, N1+N2)
             The leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this array contains
             the first orthogonal transformation matrix.

     LDQ1    INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array Q1.  LDQ1 >= N1+N2.

     Q2      (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDQ2, N1+N2)
             The leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this array contains
             the second orthogonal transformation matrix.

     LDQ2    INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array Q2.  LDQ2 >= N1+N2.

     Q3      (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDQ3, N1+N2)
             The leading (N1+N2)-by-(N1+N2) part of this array contains
             the third orthogonal transformation matrix.

     LDQ3    INTEGER
             The leading dimension of the array Q3.  LDQ3 >= N1+N2.
Workspace
     DWORK   DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDWORK)
             If N1+N2 = 2 then DWORK is not referenced.

     LDWORK  INTEGER
             The dimension of the array DWORK.
             If N1+N2 = 2, then LDWORK = 0; otherwise,
             LDWORK >= 16*N1 + 10*N2 + 23, UPLO = 'U';
             LDWORK >= 10*N1 + 16*N2 + 23, UPLO = 'L'.
Error Indicator
     INFO    INTEGER
             = 0: succesful exit;
             = 1: the QZ iteration failed in the LAPACK routine DGGEV;
             = 2: another error occured while executing a routine in
                  DGGEV;
             = 3: the QZ iteration failed in the LAPACK routine DGGES;
             = 4: another error occured during execution of DGGES;
             = 5: reordering of aA*B - bD in the LAPACK routine DTGSEN
                  failed because the transformed matrix pencil
                  aA*B - bD would be too far from generalized Schur
                  form; the problem is very ill-conditioned.
Method
     The algorithm uses orthogonal transformations as described in [2]
     (page 21). The QZ algorithm is used for N1 = 2 or N2 = 2, but it
     always acts on an upper block triangular pencil.
References
     [1] Benner, P., Byers, R., Mehrmann, V. and Xu, H.
         Numerical computation of deflating subspaces of skew-
         Hamiltonian/Hamiltonian pencils.
         SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 24 (1), pp. 165-190, 2002.

     [2] Benner, P., Byers, R., Losse, P., Mehrmann, V. and Xu, H.
         Numerical Solution of Real Skew-Hamiltonian/Hamiltonian
         Eigenproblems.
         Tech. Rep., Technical University Chemnitz, Germany,
         Nov. 2007.
Numerical Aspects
     
     The algorithm is numerically backward stable.
Further Comments
   
     None.
Example

Program Text

     None.
Program Data
     None.
Program Results
     None.

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