MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) Format Version 19961212

Twenty-seventh draft, file: draft-mng-19961212.txt

Status of this Memo

This document is an informal draft of the PNG development group.

It is a proposal, and the format is subject to change.

Comments on this document can be sent to the PNG specification maintainers at

png-info@uunet.uu.net
or at
mpng-list@dworkin.wustl.edu.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

At present, the latest version of this document is available on the World Wide Web from

ftp://swrinde.nde.swri.edu/pub/mng/documents/.

Changes from twenty-sixth MNG draft (draft-mng-19961207)

Abstract

This document presents the [proposed] format of a MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) datastream. MNG is a multiple-image member of the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format family, that can contain animations (slide shows) comprised of PNG single-image datastreams. It can also incorporate images in a highly compressible "PND" format, defined herein.

The MNG format provides a mechanism for reusing image data without having to retransmit it. Multiple images can be composed into a "frame," and an image can be used as a "sprite" that moves from one location to another in subsequent frames.

A MNG frame normally contains a two-dimensional image or a two-dimensional layout of smaller images. It could also contain three-dimensional "voxel" data arranged as a series of two-dimensional planes (or tomographic slices), each plane being represented by a PNG or PND datastream.

A PND datastream defines an image in terms of a basis PNG or PND image and the differences from that image. This has been demonstrated to provide a much more compact way of representing subsequent images than using a complete PNG datastream for each.

The MNG format uses the same chunk structure that is defined in the PNG specification, and shares other features of the PNG format. Any valid PNG datastream is also a valid MNG datastream.

This document includes examples that demonstrate various capabilities of MNG including simple movies, composite frames, loops, fades, tiling, scrolling, storage of voxel data, converting GIF animations to MNG format.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

This [proposed] specification defines the format of the MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) datastream.

Note: This [proposed] specification depends on the PNG Portable Network Graphics specification. The PNG specification is available at the PNG home page,

http://quest.jpl.nasa.gov/PNG/
A MNG datastream describes a sequence of single frames, each of which can be composed of one or more images defined by PNG or PND (PNG-Delta, defined herein) datastreams.

A MNG datastream consists of the MNG signature and a "MHDR" chunk, followed by one or more frame definitions, followed by the "MEND" chunk. The first frame must be a PNG datastream ("IHDR", PNG chunks, "IEND") or a group of image definitions (including at least one PNG datastream) delimited by "FRAM" chunks.

Each subsequent frame can be a PNG datastream, a PND datastream ("DHDR", PND chunks, "DEND"), a "SHOW" chunk, or a group of image definitions and "SHOW" chunks delimited by "FRAM" chunks.

MNG is pronounced "Ming."

When a MNG datastream is stored in a file, it is recommended that ".mng" be used as the file suffix. In network applications, the Media Type "image/x-mng" can be used. Registration of the media type "image/mng" might be pursued at some future date.

The first eight bytes of a MNG datastream are

138 77 78 71 13 10 26 10
(decimal) which is similar to the PNG signature with "\212 M N G" instead of "\211 P N G" in bytes 1-4.

MNG does not yet accommodate sound or complex sequencing information, but these capabilities might be added at a later date, in a backwards-compatible manner. These issues are being discussed in the mpng-list@dworkin.wustl.edu mailing list. At some future date, support for a lossy image format such as the proposed PNP (Portable Network Photo) format might be added. PNP is under discussion by pnp-list@dworkin.wustl.edu.

Chunk structure (length, name, data, CRC) and the chunk-naming system are identical to those defined in the PNG specification. As in PNG, all integers that require more than one byte must be in network byte order.

While MNG datastreams are written so decoders can display frames properly by showing their subimages in the order they appear in the datastream, MNG also provides "level" information that allows viewers to composite the frames in a "sprite mode" that can offer faster composition and efficient use of display hardware.

Each chunk of the MNG datastream or of any image definition is an independent entity, i.e., no chunk is ever enclosed in the data segment of another chunk.

An independent PNG datastream, with a PNG signature, is also a valid MNG datastream that must be recognized and decoded by MNG-compliant decoders. This kind of MNG datastream will contain only a single image.

Because the images making up a MNG are in PNG format, MNG shares the good features of PNG:

In addition,

2. MNG chunks

This section describes chunks that can appear at the top level of a MNG datastream. Unless otherwise specified in the PND section of this specification, they need not be recognized there.

2.1. Critical MNG control chunks

This section describes critical MNG control chunks. MNG-compliant decoders must recognize and process them.

2.1.1. MHDR MNG datastream header

The "MHDR" chunk is always first in all MNG datastreams except for those that consist of a PNG datastream with a PNG signature. The "MHDR" chunk contains exactly 64 bytes:
4 bytes: max_frame_width  (unsigned integer).
         Maximum width of any image or frame to be
         displayed.

4 bytes: max_frame_height (unsigned integer).
         Maximum width of any image or frame to be
         displayed.

4 bytes: max_stored_image_width  (unsigned integer).
         Maximum width of any image that must be
         stored.

4 bytes: max_stored_image_height (unsigned integer).
         Maximum height of any image that must be
         stored.

4 bytes: max_number_of_frames (unsigned integer).
         There are not more than max_number_of_frames
         generated by this MNG datastream, after any
         loops are unrolled.  If this field is zero,
         max_number_of_frames is undefined.

4 bytes: max_chunk_length (unsigned integer).
         No chunk in this datastream, including in
         any included PNGs, has a data field
         exceeding this length.  If this field is zero,
         max_chunk_length is undefined.

4 bytes: ticks_per_second  (unsigned nonzero integer).

4 bytes: frame_duration (unsigned integer) in
         ticks.  The desired minimum amount of time
         to elapse between the beginning of displaying
         one frame until the beginning of displaying
         the next.

4 bytes: total_duration (unsigned integer) in ticks.
         Maximum total duration of the entire
         datastream.  The sum of the individual
         frame_durations (including all instances
         of frames that are displayed as a consequence
         of processing the LOOP chunk) must not exceed
         this value (under actual playback conditions
         the display is likely to take longer).  If
         this field is zero, the maximum total
         duration is undefined.

8 bytes: max_bytes_of_image_storage (unsigned 64-bit
         integer). The maximum amount of storage
         required to hold all of the images that are
         active at any one time, assuming that the
         images are stored as uncompressed data, of
         the appropriate bit depth and color type,
         with scanlines padded to end on byte
         boundaries. This does not include the extra
         storage needed to carry the LOCA data
         for each stored image.  If this field is
         zero, the maximum amount of image storage is
         undefined.

1  byte: max_bit_depth (unsigned nonzero integer).
         No image in this MNG datastream has (or is
         promoted to an image having) a greater bit
         depth.  Legal values are 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16.  

1  byte: max_samples_per_pixel (unsigned nonzero
         integer).  No image in this MNG datastream
         has (or is promoted to an image having) more
         than this number of samples per pixel.  Legal
         values are 1 (grayscale or indexed color PNG
         images), 2 (grayscale with alpha), 3
         (truecolor), or 4 (trucolor PNG images with
         alpha).

1  byte: ok_to_discard (unsigned integer).

      0: image data of each image must be retained
         until it is explicitly discarded with the
         DISC chunk or implicitly discarded with
         the SEEK chunk.

      1: image data can be discarded after processing
         each image.  This is a promise that this MNG
         datastream contains no PND datastreams or
         BASI, DEFI, SHOW, or CLON chunks.

2  bytes: max_image_id (unsigned integer).  No image
         in this MNG datastream has an image_id
         greater than this number.

15 bytes: Reserved, must be zero.

2.1.2. MEND End of MNG datastream

The "MEND" chunk's data length is zero. It signifies the end of a MNG datastream.

2.1.3. NEED Resources needed

The "NEED" chunk can be used to specify needed resources, to provide a quick exit path for viewers that are not capable of displaying the MNG datastream.

The "NEED" chunk contains a list of keywords that the decoder must recognize. Keywords are typically chunk names.

n bytes: keyword
1  byte: null separator
etc.

The "NEED" chunk should be placed early in the MNG datastream, preferably immediately after the "MHDR" chunk.

The keywords are typically 4-character chunk names, but they could be any string that a decoder is required to recognize. Each keyword string must follow the format of a "tEXt" keyword: It must consist only of printable Latin-1 characters and must not have leading or trailing blanks, but can have single embedded blanks. There must be at least one and no more than 79 characters in the keyword. Keywords are case-sensitive.

For example, to indicate that the file is written in accordance with this draft version of MNG, you can use

NEED
draft 27
Decoders not recognizing a chunk name or keyword in the list should abandon the MNG datastream or request user intervention. The normal security precautions should be taken when displaying the keywords.

2.1.4. SAVE Save decoder state

The "SAVE" chunk is empty.

It appears after the set of chunks that define the decoder state that must be restored upon encountering a "SEEK" chunk. The "SAVE" chunk must be present when the "SEEK" chunk is present.

Only one instance of the "SAVE" chunk is permitted in a MNG datastream. It is not allowed anywhere after the first "SEEK" chunk.

When an "image_id" is defined prior to the "SAVE" chunk, it is not permitted to modify the image or any of the data associated with that "image_id" after the "SAVE" chunk. Such an image can be discarded by means of the "DISC" chunk; if so, its "image_id" must not be reused. Such an image can be the subject of a "CLON" chunk. If the clone is a partial clone, modifying it is not permitted, because this would also modify the original image..

2.1.5. SEEK Seek point

The "SEEK" chunk marks positions in the MNG datastream where a restart is possible.
n bytes: previous (number of bytes since the
         previous SEEK chunk). If previous=0,
         then the number of bytes is unspecified.

n bytes: next (number of bytes to the next SEEK
         chunk). If next=0, then the number of
         bytes is unspecified.

n is the length of the SEEK chunk, divided by two.
         n must be either 4 or 8.
Applications must not use any information preceding the "SEEK" chunk, except for When the "SEEK" chunk is encountered, the decoder must restore its data to the state that existed when the "SAVE" chunk was encountered. This includes discarding any image data appearing after the "SAVE" chunk, as though an empty "DISC" chunk were present.

In addition to providing a mechanism for skipping frames or backspacing over frames, the "SEEK" chunk provides a means of dealing with a corrupted datastream. The viewer would abandon processing and simply look for the next "SEEK" chunk before resuming. Note that looking for a PNG "IHDR" chunk would not be sufficient because the PNG datastream might be inside a loop or might need data from preceding "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks.

When n is eight, 32-bit machines will have to interpret "previous" as a set of two integers, the first representing the number of complete 4G blocks and the second (the last four bytes of "previous") as the remainder, and will have to treat "next" similarly.

"Previous" and "next" are measured from the first length byte of one "SEEK" chunk to the first length byte of another "SEEK" chunk.

The "SEEK" chunk is not permitted within the scope of a "{LOOP, ENDL}" pair. If a decoder encounters a "SEEK" chunk while any loop is active, either as a result of an illegal "SEEK" chunk appearing inside a loop or as the result of skipping corrupted data, all display loops must be immediately terminated.

Multiple instances of the "SEEK" chunk are permitted. The "SEEK" chunk must not appear prior to the "SAVE" chunk. The "SAVE" chunk must also be present if the "SEEK" chunk is present.

2.1.6. LOOP, ENDL Define a loop

The "LOOP" chunk provides a "shorthand" notation that can be used to avoid having to repeat identical chunks in a MNG datastream. Its contents are
1  byte: start_loop_level (unsigned integer).
1  byte: loop_effect (unsigned integer).
      0: Execution of the loop might modify or relocate
         (via the LOCA chunk) basis images.
      1: Execution of the loop might modify or relocate
         basis images, but upon completion of the loop,
         all basis images have been restored to their
         initial state and location.
      2: Execution of the loop does not modify or
         relocate any basis images.
4 bytes: repeat_count (unsigned integer), range
         [0..2^31-1].
Decoders must treat the chunks enclosed in a loop exactly as if they had been repeatedly spelled out. Therefore, during the first iteration of the loop, the basis images for any PND datastreams in the loop are the images in existence prior to entering the "LOOP" chunk, but in subsequent iterations these basis images might have been modified. The "loop_effect" field can be used to inform decoders that it is safe to reduce the number of loop iterations or to replay the images in the loop without recompositing them.

When the "LOOP" chunk is present, an "ENDL" chunk with the same "loop_level" must be present later in the MNG datastream. Loops can be nested. Each inner loop must have a higher value of "start_loop_level" than the loop that encloses it.

If "repeat_count" is zero, the loop is done zero times. Upon encountering a "LOOP" chunk with "repeat_count=0", decoders simply skip chunks until the matching "ENDL" chunk is found, and resume processing with the chunk immediately following it.

It is the responsibility of the encoder to make sure that the assertions made by the "loop_effect" field are true. Note that the "loop_effect" field says nothing about the appearance of the display at the end of the loop. It describes the state of the basis images at the end of each iteration of the loop. When "loop_effect=1", all iterations of the loop are identical, and a viewer could choose to store copies of the frame buffer for redisplay. This is also true when "loop_effect=2"; furthermore, if the user has escaped from the interior of the loop it is safe to resume processing with the first chunk after the "ENDL" chunk without having to skip to a "SEEK" chunk.

The "ENDL" chunk ends a loop that begins with the "LOOP" chunk. It contains a single one-byte field:

1 byte: end_loop_level (unsigned integer),
        range [0..255].
When the "ENDL" chunk is encountered, the loop "repeat_count" is decremented. If the result is nonzero, processing resumes at the beginning of the loop. Otherwise processing resumes with the chunk immediately following the "ENDL" chunk.

When the "ENDL" chunk is present, a "LOOP" chunk with the same "loop_level" must be present earlier in the MNG datastream.

2.2. Critical MNG image defining chunks

2.2.1. DEFI Define an image

The "DEFI" chunk defines an image and its location and visibility. It contains 2, 3, or 11 bytes:
2 bytes: image_id (unsigned integer) image identifier
         to be given to the image that immediately
         follows the DEFI chunk.  Subsequent
         DHDR, SHOW, CLON, LOCA, CLIP, and DISC
         chunks can use this number to identify it.
         This also is used as the level, or position
         in the stacking order, of the image in a
         composite frame.  The image having the
         smallest value of image_id is on the bottom
         (can be obscured by any other image_id),
         while the image having the largest value is
         the top image (cannot be obscured by
         any other image_id).

1 byte:  visibility (unsigned integer)
     0:  Make the images visible.
     1:  Make the images invisible.
     This field can be omitted if the location fields
     are also omitted.  When it is omitted, the image
     is made visible (visibility=0).

4 bytes: x_location (signed integer).
     The x_location and y_location fields can be
     omitted.  If so, decoders must assume default
     values {x_location,y_location}={0,0}.

4 bytes: y_location (signed integer).
Negative values are permitted for the X and Y image position. The positive directions are downward and rightward from the upper left corner of the display.

The "DEFI" chunk must be followed by an "IHDR", "BASI" or "BLNK" chunk that introduces a PNG datastream that defines the image. If "image_id" is an identifier that already exists, the basis image previously associated with the identifier is discarded (or disassociated with it, if the identifier was a partial clone of another image), along with any "LOCA", "CLIP", "INHR", or "SBYK" data associated with it.

When "ok_to_discard=0" in the "MHDR" chunk, if an "IHDR-IEND" sequence, a "BASI-IEND" sequence, or a "BLNK" chunk is not immediately preceded by a "DEFI" chunk, then "DEFI 0" is implied. When "ok_to_discard=1", an image defined by a "IHDR-IEND" sequence or a "BLNK" chunk is simply displayed but not stored.

2.2.2. IHDR, PNG chunks, IEND

A PNG (Portable Network Graphics) datastream.

See the PNG specification for the format of the PNG chunks.

Any chunks between "IHDR" and "IEND" are written and decoded according to the PNG specification. The image width and height must not exceed "max_image_width" and "max_image_height" from the "MHDR" chunk.

The PNG "oFFs" chunk must be ignored by MNG viewers and simply copied by MNG editors.

2.2.3. BASI, PNG chunks, IEND

The format of the "BASI" chunk is identical to that of the "IHDR" chunk.

The "BASI" introduces a datastream that contains PNG chunks, but is not necessarily a PNG datastream. It can be incomplete or it can deviate in certain ways from the PNG specification. It can serve as a basis for a PND datastream, which must supply the missing data or correct the other deviations before the image is displayed. The end of the datastream is denoted by an "IEND" chunk.

The permitted deviations from the PNG format are:

The "BASI" chunk can be used to introduce such things as a library of "faLT" chunks from which one or another can be selected for use with any single image.

A "BASI" chunk appearing in a MNG datastream must be preceded by a "DEFI" chunk that gives the "image_id" and location for the basis image.

No provision is made in this specification for storing a BASI datastream as a standalone file. A "BASI" datastream will normally be found as a component of a MNG datastream. Applications that need to store a "BASI" datastream separately should use a different file signature and filename extension, or they can wrap it in a MNG datastream consisting of the MNG signature, the "MHDR" chunk, the "BASI" datastream, and the "MEND" chunk.

2.2.4. BLNK Define a blank image

The "BLNK" chunk defines a blank image. The chunk data is the same as that of the PNG "IHDR" chunk:

4 bytes: width (unsigned integer).
4 bytes: height (unsigned integer).
1 byte:  bit_depth (unsigned integer).
1 byte:  color_type (unsigned integer).
1 byte:  compression_method (unsigned integer).
1 byte:  filter_type (unsigned integer).
1 byte:  interlace_type (unsigned integer).
The "BLNK" chunk defines a PNG image with a set of "IHDR" variables, that can be used as a basis image by subsequent PND datastreams.

It generates a rectangle with zeroes in all of the pixel samples, which represents a black rectangle, fully transparent if the color type is 4 or 6. If "color_type=3", it also generates a "PLTE" of length "2^bit_depth", filled with zeroes.

2.2.5. DHDR, PND chunks, DEND

A PND (PNG-Delta) datastream.

See Chapter 3, The PND Format, below, for the format of the PND datastream. Any chunks between "DHDR" and "DEND" are written and decoded according to the PND format. The image width and height must not exceed "max_image_width" and "max_image_height" from the "MHDR" chunk.

It is an error for the "DHDR" chunk to appear when the "ok_to_discard" field in the "MHDR" chunk is nonzero.

2.2.6. CLON Clone an image

Create a clone (a new copy) of an image, with a new "image_id". The "CLON" chunk contains 4, 5, 6, or 15 bytes.
2 bytes: image_id (unsigned integer) identifier of the
         basis image to be cloned.

2 bytes: clone_id (unsigned integer) identifier to be
         given to the clone (new copy) to serve as the
         image_id of the new image.

1  byte: clone_type (unsigned integer)

      0: full clone of LOCA and CLIP data and image
         data.

      1: partial clone; only the LOCA and CLIP data is
         copied and a link is made to the image data.

      2: renumber image (this is equivalent to
         "CLON old_id new_id 1 DISC old_id").  This
         can be useful for rearranging the stacking
         order of images in a composite frame.

      This field can be omitted if the "visibility"
      field is also omitted.  If it is omitted, the
      clone_type defaults to zero (full clone).

1 byte:  visibility (unsigned integer)
     0:  Make the clone visible.
     1:  Make the clone invisible.
     This field can be omitted if the location fields
     are also omitted.  When it is omitted, the image
     is made visible (visibility=0).

1  byte: loca_delta_type (unsigned integer)

      0: LOCA data gives x_location and
         y_location directly.

      1: New positions are determined by adding
         the LOCA data to the position of the
         basis image.

      This field, together with the x_location and
      y_location fields, can be omitted.  When they
      are omitted, decoders must assume default
      values {x_location,y_location}={0,0}.

4 bytes: x_location or delta_x_location
         (signed integer).

4 bytes: y_location or delta_y_location
         (signed integer).
Negative values are permitted for the X and Y image position. The positive directions are downward and rightward from the upper left corner of the display.

The clone is initially identical to the basis image and has the same "LOCA", "CLIP", "INHR", and "SBYK" data as the basis image. Subsequent "DHDR", "SHOW", "CLON", "CLIP", "LOCA", and "DISC" chunks can use the "clone_id" to identify it.

Subsequent chunks can modify, show, or discard a full clone or modify its associated "LOCA", "CLIP", "INHR", or "SBYK" data without affecting the basis image, or they can modify, show, or discard the basis image or modify its associated data without affecting the clone.

If an image has partial clones, and the image data in a basis image or any of its partial clones is modified, the basis image and all of its partial clones are changed. Decoders must take care that when the basis image or any partial clone is discarded, the image data is not discarded until the last remaining one of them is discarded. The "INHR" and "SBYK" data is also shared, so that if they are changed in any partial clone, they are changed in the others as well. Only the "LOCA" or "CLIP" data can be changed independently for each partial clone.

2.2.7. DISC Discard images

The "DISC" chunk can be used to inform the decoder that it can discard the image data associated with the associated image identifiers. Whether the decoder actually discards the data or not, it must not use it after encountering the "DISC" chunk.

The chunk contains a sequence of zero or more two-byte image identifiers. The number of images to be discarded is the the chunk's data length, divided by two.

2 bytes: discard_id (unsigned integer) image identifier
         that can be discarded.  All information
         pertaining to the corresponding image can be
         discarded and the identifier can be reused by
         a DEFI chunk.
etc.
If the "DISC" chunk is empty, all images except those preceding the "SAVE" chunk can be discarded. Note that the appearance of a "SEEK" chunk in the datastream implies an empty "DISC" chunk.

When an image is discarded, any "LOCA", "CLIP" "INHR", or "SBYK" data associated with it is also discarded.

The appearance of an "image_id" in the "discard_id" list, when no such image has been stored, or when the image has already been discarded, should not be treated as a fatal error.

Discarding images that are defined prior to the "SAVE" chunk is permitted, but the "image_id" of such images must not be reused.

When the image is a partial clone or is the source of a partial clone that has not been discarded, only the "LOCA" or "CLIP" data can be discarded. The image data must be retained until the last remaining partial clone is discarded.

2.2.8. INHR Global INHR chunk

An instance of the PND "INHR" chunk can be placed in the top-level MNG datastream, ahead of the "SAVE" chunk, to provide a default set of chunk inheritance rules to be used when "INHR" chunk is omitted from a PND datastream and its basis image. For the format and meaning of the "INHR" chunk, see Paragraph 3.1.5, below.

2.2.9. SBYK Global SBYK chunk

Multiple instances of the PND "SBYK" chunk can be placed in the top-level MNG datastream, ahead of the "SAVE" chunk, to provide a default set of chunk "selection by keyword" rules to be used when "SBYK" chunk is omitted from a PND datastream and its basis image. For the format and meaning of the "SBYK" chunk, see Paragraph 3.1.6, below.

2.3. Critical MNG image displaying chunks

2.3.1. LOCA Image location

Location of an image.

The "LOCA" chunk gives the position, measured downward and to the right of the upper left corner of the display, in pixels, where the following image is to be located.

The chunk's contents are:

2 bytes: image_id (unsigned integer).

1  byte: loca_delta_type (unsigned integer).
      0: LOCA data gives x_location and
         y_location directly.
      1: New positions are determined by adding
         the LOCA data to the position of the
         basis image.

4 bytes: x_location or delta_x_location
         (signed integer).

4 bytes: y_location or delta_y_location
         (signed integer).
Negative values are permitted for the X and Y image position. The positive directions are downward and rightward. The "LOCA" chunk can specify an image placement that is partially or wholly outside the display boundaries. In such cases, the resulting image must be clipped to fit within the display, or not displayed at all if it falls entirely outside the display. The display boundaries are determined as described in the specification for the "CLIP" chunk Paragraph 2.3.3, below.

It is an error for the "LOCA" chunk to appear with an "image_id" that has not previously been defined.

2.3.2. BACK Background

The "BACK" chunk defines the background against which transparent, clipped, or less-than-full-frame images can be displayed.
1  byte:  background_source (unsigned integer).

      0: Viewers can use the supplied background color
         as a default.

      1: Viewers must use the supplied background
         color.

2 bytes: red_background (unsigned integer).

2 bytes: green_background (unsigned integer).

2 bytes: blue_background (unsigned integer).
Viewers are expected to composite every frame in the MNG datastream, whether it be a PNG or PND datastream or a group of PNG or PND datastreams delimited by "FRAM" chunks, against a fresh copy of the background, clipped to the frame boundaries given in the FRAM chunk (they might actually follow some other procedure, but the final appearance of each frame must be the same as if they had).

Multiple instances of the "BACK" chunk are permitted in a MNG datastream. One should appear before the "SAVE" chunk, if the "SAVE" chunk is present, to give the data to be restored when a "SEEK" chunk is encountered.

The "BACK" chunk can be omitted. If a background is required and the "BACK" chunk is omitted, then the viewer must supply its own background.

The BACK components are always interpreted in linear color space (gamma=1), regardless of the presence of any "gAMA" chunk in the datastream.

2.3.3. CLIP Image clipping boundaries

This chunk gives the boundaries to which the image must be clipped for display. It contains the following 19 bytes:
2 bytes: image_id (unsigned integer).

1  byte: clip_delta_type (unsigned integer).
      0: CLIP data gives boundary values directly.
      1: CLIP boundaries are determined by adding
         the CLIP data to their previous values
         for this image_id.

4 bytes: left_cb or delta_left_cb (signed integer).
         Resulting boundary must be zero or greater.

4 bytes: right_cb or delta_right_cb (signed integer).
         Resulting boundary must be greater than
         left_cb and less than or equal to
         max_frame_width from the MHDR chunk.

4 bytes: top_cb or delta_top_cb (signed integer).
         Resulting bundary must be zero or greater.

4 bytes: bottom_cb or delta_bottom_cb (signed
         integer).  Resulting boundary must be
         greater than top_cb and less than or equal
         to max_frame_height from the MHDR chunk.
When no "CLIP" chunk is in effect, the clipping boundaries are taken from the "MHDR" chunk:
left_cb   := 0
right_cb  := max_frame_width
top_cb    := 0
bottom_cb := max_frame_height
The left and top clipping boundaries are inclusive and the right and bottom clipping boundaries are exclusive, i.e. the pixel located at {x,y} is only displayed if it is also within the frame boundaries and
left_cb <= x < right_cb AND top_cb <= y < bottom_cb
It is an error for the "CLIP" chunk to appear with an "image_id" that has not previously been defined.

2.3.4. FRAM Delimit a frame

The "FRAM" chunk marks the beginning of a group of chunks that describe a frame. It also can set parameters that govern how the decoder is to behave when it encounters a "FRAM" chunk.

An empty "FRAM" chunk is just a frame delimiter. A nonempty one is a frame delimiter, and it also changes "FRAM" parameters, either for the upcoming frame or until reset. When the "FRAM" chunk is not empty, it contains four 1-byte fields plus a variable number of optional 4-byte fields.

1 byte:  framing_mode.

     0:  Don't change framing_mode.

     1:  Each image is an individual frame.

     2:  The group of images appearing prior to
         the next "FRAM" chunk form a "sprite mode"
         frame (any image_id appears only once).
         All images are initially invisible and
         are made visible with explicit or implied
         "SHOW" chunks.  The level, or stacking
         order, of each image is given by its
         image_id.

     3:  The group of images appearing prior to
         the next "FRAM" chunk define "sprite mode"
         frames as they accumulate (any image_id
         appears only once), and a frame boundary
         occurs after each image is defined or
         appears in a "SHOW" chunk. All images are
         initially made invisible but remain
         visible after being explicitly made
         visible.  The level, or stacking order,
         of each image is given by its image_id.

     4:  The group of images appearing prior to
         the next "FRAM" chunk is a "full sprite
         mode" frame (any image_id appears only
         once).  Images retain their visibility
         from the previous frame and are made
         visible or invisible with explicit or
         implied "SHOW" chunks.  The level, or
         stacking order, of each image is given
         by its image_id.

     5:  The group of images appearing prior to
         the next "FRAM" chunk is a "draw mode"
         frame (an image_id can appear more than
         once in the frame).

     6:  The group of images appearing prior to
         the next "FRAM" chunk define "draw mode"
         frames as they accumulate (an image_id
         can appear more than once in the frame).

1 byte:  change_frame_duration.
     0:  no.
     1:  yes, for the next frame only.
     2:  yes, also reset default.

1 byte:  change_sync_timeout.
     0:  no.
     1:  yes, for the next frame only.
     2:  yes, also reset default.

1 byte:  change_frame_boundaries.
     0:  no.
     1:  yes, for the next frame only.
     2:  yes, also reset default.

1 byte:  change_sync_id_list.
     0:  no.
     1:  yes, for this frame only.
     2:  yes, also reset default list.

1  byte: fb_delta_type (unsigned integer).
      (omit this and the following four fields
      if change_frame_boundaries=0).
      0: frame_boundary values are given directly.
      1: frame_boundaries are determined by adding
         the FRAM data to their previous values.

4 bytes: left_fb or delta_left_fb (signed integer).
         Resulting boundary must be zero or greater.

4 bytes: right_fb or delta_right_fb (signed integer).
         Resulting oundary must be greater than
         left_fb and less than or equal to
         max_frame_width from the MHDR chunk.

4 bytes: top_fb or delta_top_fb (signed integer).
         Resulting boundary must be zero or greater.

4 bytes: bottom_fb or delta_bottom_fb (signed
         integer).  Resulting boundary must be
         greater than top_fb and less than or equal
         to max_frame_height from the MHDR chunk.

4 bytes: frame_duration (unsigned integer) (omit
         if change_frame_duration=0).  The range
         is [0..2^31-1] ticks.

4 bytes: sync_timeout (unsigned integer) (omit if
         change_sync_timeout=0). The range is
         [0..2^31-1].  The value 2^31-1 (0x7fffffff)
         ticks represents an infinite timeout period.

4 bytes: sync_id (unsigned integer) (omit if
         change_sync_id_list=0 or if the new list is
         empty; repeat until all sync_id's have been
         listed).  The range is [0..2^31-1].
When the "FRAM" parameters are changed, the new parameters affect the frame that is about to be defined, not the one that is terminated by the "FRAM" chunk.

When the "sync_id" list is changed, the number of "sync_id" entries is determined by the remaining length of the chunk data, divided by four. This number can be zero, which either inactivates the existing "sync_id" list for one frame or deletes it.

When a "SEEK" chunk is encountered, all "FRAM" parameters are reset to the values they had when the "SAVE" chunk was encountered, and, if a "sync_id" list existed, it is restored.

The initial values of the "FRAM" parameters are

  framing_mode := 1 
  frame_duration is defined in the MHDR chunk
  left_fb   := 0
  right_fb  := max_frame_width
  top_fb    := 0
  bottom_fb := max_frame_height
  sync_timeout := 0x7fffffff (infinite)
  sync_id list is empty
The "LOCA" chunk can be used to specify the placement of each image within the frame. The "CLIP" chunk can be used to specify clipping boundaries for each image. If the images are transparent or do not cover the entire frame, as defined by the "max_frame_width" and "max_frame_height" fields of the "MHDR" chunk, they are composited against the background defined by the "BACK" chunk, or against an application-defined background, if the "BACK" chunk is not present.

Viewers can be designed to operate in "draw mode" or "sprite mode". A "draw mode" viewer simply displays images within a frame in the order that they appear (or corresponding "SHOW" chunks appear) in the MNG datastream. A "sprite mode" viewer accumulates images until it needs to display a complete frame, and then composites all of the images whose "visibility" byte is 0, from top to bottom, according to the "image_id" value for each image. Images will normally appear in the datastream in the "draw mode" order, which is bottom-to-top (i.e. the background image, which has the smallest value of "image_id", appears first in the datastream).

When "framing_mode=1", each image that becomes visible is a separate frame, delimited by its "IEND" chunk (in the case of PNG images) or "DEND" chunk (in the case of PND images). Each image that is made visible by a "SHOW" chunk also constitutes a separate frame. If "LOCA" chunks appear, they must appear prior to the image definition chunks or "SHOW" chunks to which they pertain.

When "framing_mode=2", viewers are expected to display all of the images at once, if possible, or as fast as can be managed, without clearing the display and restoring the background between images. The "frame_duration" value is the desired minimum time to elapse from the beginning of displaying the first image of the frame until the beginning of the next image after the next "FRAM" chunk. Each image in the frame must be given a unique "image_id", which defines its position in the stacking order. The image with the smallest value of "image_id" is the background image (which can be obscured by any other image) and the image with the largest values of "image_id" is the top image (which can not be obscured but can obscure any other image). All images are initially invisible, and are made visible by their appearance in an explicit or implied "SHOW" chunk. They must be made visibile in ascending value of "image_id". If "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks appear, they must appear before the images to which they pertain are made visible. "Sprite mode" decoders can accumulate them and display them all at once when the next "FRAM" chunk comes along. "Draw mode" decoders can display them in the order that they appear or are mentioned in "SHOW" chunks.

When "framing_mode=3", a frame boundary occurs after each image is made visible, without clearing the display and restoring the background between frames. Each image must be assigned to a unique "image_id", in ascending order of appearance. If "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks appear, they must appear before the images to which they pertain are made visible. "Draw mode" decoders can simply erase the display prior to displaying the first image, and then show each image as it is defined, without erasing the display. "Sprite mode" decoders can recomposite the display after each image has been made visible.

When "framing_mode=4", the images are to be displayed all at once, when the frame has been completely composited, like "framing_mode=2", except that images retain their visibility from the previous frame. The frames can be made visible or invisible in any order, and "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks can be placed anywhere. "Sprite mode" decoders composite them in the same manner as if "framing_mode=2". "Draw mode" decoders must wait until the frame has been fully defined, and then can draw the visible images in bottom-to-top order as given by the values of "image_id".

When "framing_mode=5", "draw mode" decoders can treat the frame in the same way as when "framing_mode=2". If "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks appear, they must appear before the images to which they pertain are made visible. "Sprite mode" decoders will have to revert to "draw mode" to display this frame type, or or else they will have to make their own clones and reassign them to unique, properly ordered unused levels. Encoders are encouraged to use "framing_mode=2" instead, unless the frame contains such a large number of large images that the memory savings is significant. It would be appropriate to use "framing_mode=5" for storage of things like tomographic slices.

When "framing_mode=6", "draw mode" decoders can treat the frame in the same way as when "framing_mode=3". If "LOCA" or "CLIP" chunks appear, they must appear before the images to which they pertain are made visible. "Sprite mode" decoders will have to revert to "draw mode" to display this frame type, or or else they will have to make their own clones and reassign them to unique, properly ordered unused levels. Encoders are encouraged to use "framing_mode=3" instead, unless the frame contains such a large number of large images that the memory savings is significant.

The "frame_duration" field gives the duration of display, which is the minimum time that must elapse from the beginning of displaying one frame until the beginning of displaying the next. It is measured in "ticks" using the tick length determined from "ticks_per_second" defined in the "MHDR" chunk.

This overrides the value of frame_duration given in the "MHDR" chunk. The value of "frame_duration" will remain in effect until another "FRAM" chunk redefines it or until a "SEEK" chunk is encountered, when the duration reverts to the value from "MHDR" or "SAVE".

When images in a frame overlap, viewers are expected to composite the later images against the partially completed frame that includes all earlier images.

A viewer does not actually have to follow the procedure of erasing the screen, redisplaying the background, and recompositing the images against it, but what is displayed when the frame is complete must be the same as if it had. It is sufficient to redraw the parts of the display that change from one frame to the next.

The "sync_id" list provides a point at which the processor must wait for all pending processes to reach the synchronization point having the same "sync_id" before resuming, perhaps because of a need to synchronize a sound datastream (not defined in this specification) with the display, to synchronize stereo images, and the like. When the period defined by the sum of the "frame_duration" and the "sync_timeout" fields elapses, processing can resume even though the processor has not received an indication that other processes have reached the synchronization point.

Note that the synchronization point does not occur immediately, but at the end of the frame that follows the "FRAM" chunk. If it is necessary to establish a synchronization point immediately, this can be done by using two consecutive "FRAM" chunks, the first setting a temporary "frame_duration=0", "sync_timeout", and "sync_id", and the second establishing the synchronization point:

FRAM 0 1 1 1 0000 sync_timeout sync_id
FRAM

The identifier "sync_id=0" is reserved to represent synchronization with a user input from a keyboard or pointing device. If multiple channels (not defined in this specification) are not present, viewers can ignore other values appearing in the "sync_id" list.

2.3.5. SHOW Show images

The "SHOW" chunk can be used to show or hide one or more previously-defined images, without making any changes except possibly for the location. It contains 2, 4, or 5 bytes:
2 bytes: first_id (unsigned integer).

2 bytes: last_id  (unsigned integer).
     This field can be omitted if the visibility
     byte is also omitted.  Decoders must assume
     the default value, "last_id=first_id."

1 byte:  visibility (unsigned integer)
     0:  Make the images visible.
     1:  Make the images invisible.
     This field can be omitted.  If so, decoders
     must assume the default, "visibility=0".
When "visibility=0", the images are shown in the order "first_id" through " last_id". If "first_id > last_id" then the images are shown in reverse order (this is not permitted when "framing_mode=2" or "framing_mode=3" in the "FRAM" chunk because "sprite mode" viewers would show them in normal order anyway). When "framing_mode=1" or when the "FRAM" chunk is not present, each image is displayed as a separate frame. When "visibility=1", the images are made invisible (this is not permitted when "framing_mode=2" or "framing_mode=3" in the "FRAM" chunk because "draw mode" viewers will have already drawn them and have no way to make them invisible without redrawing the entire frame).

An instance of each image will be displayed at the location specified by the "DEFI", "CLON", or "LOCA" chunk and clipped according to the boundaries specified by the "CLIP" chunk. When the "LOCA" or "CLON" chunk is used in the delta form, which will frequently be the case, each image must be displaced from its previous position by the values given in the "LOCA" or "CLON" chunk.

It is not necessary to follow an "IHDR-IEND" or "DHDR-DEND" sequence with a "SHOW" chunk, if its visibility is the same as that given in the "DEFI" chunk that introduced the "image_id".

2.4. Ancillary MNG chunks

This section describes ancillary MNG chunks. MNG-compliant decoders are not required to recognize and process them.

2.4.1. fPRi Frame priority

The "fPRi" chunk allows authors to assign a priority to a portion of the MNG datastream. Decoders can decide whether or not to decode and process that part of the datastream based on its "priority" compared to some measure of "cost." The "fPRi" chunk contains three bytes:
1 byte: fPRi_delta_type (unsigned integer).
     0: Priority is given directly.
     1: Priority is determined by adding
        the fPRi data to the previous
        values, modulo 256.

1 byte: priority or delta_priority (signed
        integer). Value to be assigned to
        subsequent frames until another fPRi
        chunk is reached.

1 byte: max_priority (unsigned integer).  Maximum
        priority that will appear in any subsequent
        fPRI chunk (max_priority is always given
        directly without regard to fPRi_delta_type).
While 256 distinct values of "priority" are possible, it is recommended that only the values 0 (low priority), 128 (medium priority), and 255 (high priority) be used. Viewers that can only display a single image can look for one with "priority=255" and stop after displaying it. If the datastream contains a large number of frames and includes periodic "initial" frames that do not contain PND datastreams, the "initial" frames could be preceded by a "fPRi" with "priority=128" and followed by one with "priority=0", and the best representative frame could be preceded by a "fPRi" chunk with "priority=255". Then single-image viewers would just display the representative frame, slow viewers would display just the "initial" frames, and fast viewers could display everything.

It is not permissible for a portion of the datastream to depend on any portion of the datastream having a lower value, because a decoder might have skipped the lower value portion. Use of the "fPRi" chunk is illustrated in Examples 1 and 4.

When a "SEEK" chunk is encountered, the value of "priority" reverts to its value when the "SAVE" chunk was processed. Viewers that care about the priority can assume "priority=255" for any portion of the MNG datastream that is processed prior to the first "fPRi" chunk.

2.4.2. tHUM Define a thumbnail image

The "tHUM" chunk can be used to identify a images as "thumbnails" representing the entire MNG datastream. A thumbnail can be used as an icon and for similar purposes.

The "tHUM" chunk is either empty or it contains one or more 2-byte fields:

2 bytes: thumbnail_id (unsigned integer).
etc.
When the "tHUM" chunk is not empty, it gives the "image_id" of the thumbnails. The chunk should be placed ahead of the image definitions, so applications that do not need the thumbnails can skip over them. The images that have the specified "thumbnail_id" are regular PNG or PND images, but they will normally have smaller dimensions and fewer colors than the MNG frames. They should be defined with the visibility field set to "invisible" so that they will not be shown as a part of the regular display.

An empty "tHUM" chunk should appear after the image definitions, to mark the point in the datastream where applications that need the thumbnails can abandon the remainder of the datastream.

If present, the thumbnail image definitions and the "tHUM" chunks should occur early in the MNG datastream so that applications that look for the thumbnail can find it quickly and can abandon the remainder of the datastream.

Only one instance of the "tHUM" chunk is permitted in a MNG datastream. It must occur in the datastream after the corresponding image has been defined and prior to the next "SEEK" chunk.

2.4.3. PNG ancillary chunks

The namespace for MNG chunk names is separate from that of PNG. Only those PNG chunks named in this section are also defined the MNG top level. They have exactly the same syntax and semantics as when they appear in a PNG datastream: A MNG editor that writes PNG datastreams should not include the top-level "tEXt", "tIME", and "zTXt" chunks in the generated PNG datastreams.

The following PNG chunks are also defined at the MNG top level. They provide default values to be used in case they are not provided in subsequent PNG datastreams:

A MNG editor that writes PNG datastreams is expected to include the top-level "cHRM", "gAMA", and "sRGB" chunks in the generated PNG datastreams.

The following PNG chunks are also defined at the MNG top level. They provides values that take precedence over those that might be provided in subsequent PNG datastreams and provide values to be used when they are not provided in subsequent PNG datastreams:

3. The PND format

A PND datastream describes a single image, by giving the changes from a previous PNG (Portable Network Graphics) or another PND image. The PND format might be extended at some later date to include a PNP (Portable Network Photo) datastream.

No provision is made in this specification for storing a PND datastream as a standalone file. A PND datastream will normally be found as a component of a MNG datastream. Applications that need to store a PND datastream separately should use a different file signature and filename extension, or they can wrap it in a MNG datastream consisting of the MNG signature, the "MHDR" chunk, a "BLNK" chunk with the appropriate dimensions, the PND datastream, and the "MEND" chunk.

The decoder must have available a basis (decoded) image from which the original chunk data is known. The basis image can be the result of decoding a PNG, another PND datastream, or it could have been generated by a "BLNK" chunk or a PNG-like datastream introduced by a "BASI" chunk.

The new image is always of the same basic type (at present only PNG is defined) as the basis image.

The decoder must not have modified the pixel data in the basis image by applying output transformations such as "gAMA" or "cHRM", or by compositing the image against a background. Instead, the decoder must make available to the PND decoder the unmodified pixel data along with the values for the "gAMA", "cHRM", and any other recognized chunks from the basis image datastream.

A PND datastream consists of a "DHDR" and "DEND" enclosing other optional chunks (if there are no other chunks, the decoder simply copies the basis image).

Chunk structure (length, name, CRC) and the chunk-naming system are identical to those defined in the PNG specification. Definitions of "compression_type", "filter_type", and "interlace_type" are also the same as defined in the PNG specification.

3.1. PND critical chunks

This section describes critical PND chunks. MNG-compliant decoders must recognize and process them.

3.1.1. DHDR PND datastream header

The "DHDR" chunk introduces a PND datastream. Subsequent chunks, through the next "DEND" chunk, are interpreted according to the PND format.

The "DHDR" chunk can contain 4, 12, or 20 bytes:

2 bytes: image_id (unsigned integer).
         Identifies the basis image from which changes
         will be made.  This is also the image_id
         of the resulting modified image, which can be
         used as the basis image for a subsequent PND
         datastream.

1  byte: image_type.

      0: Image type is unspecified.  An IHDR or IPNG
         chunk must be present.

      1: Image type is PNG.  IHDR and IPNG can be
         omitted under certain conditions.

1  byte: delta_type.

      0: Entire image replacement.

      1: Block pixel addition, by samples, modulo
         2^bit_depth.

      2: Block alpha addition, by samples, modulo
         2^bit_depth.  Regardless of the color
         type of the basis image, the IDAT data
         are written as a grayscale image (color
         type 0) but the decoded samples are used
         as deltas to the alpha samples in the
         basis image.  The basis image must have
         (or be promoted to via the PROM chunk)
         color type 4 or color type 6.

      3: Block pixel replacement.

      4: Block alpha replacement.

      5: No change to pixel data.

4 bytes: block_width (unsigned integer).  Omit when
         delta_type=5.

4 bytes: block_height (unsigned integer).  Omit when
         delta_type=5.

4 bytes: block_x_location (unsigned integer),
         measured in pixels from the left edge of
         the basis image.  Omit when delta_type=0
         or when delta_type=5.

4 bytes: block_y_location (unsigned integer),
         measured in pixels from the top edge of
         the basis image.  Omit when delta_type=0
         or when delta_type=5.
The image type, whether given explicitly as 1 or implied by the presence of an "IHDR" or "IPNG" chunk, must be the same as that of the basis image.

When "delta_type=0", the width and height of the generated image are given by the block_width and block_height fields.

For all other values of "delta_type", the width and height of the generated image are inherited from the basis image.

When "delta_type=1, 2, 3, or 4", the "block_width" and "block_height" fields give the size of the block of pixels to be modified or replaced, and "block_x_location" and "block_y_location" give its location with respect to the top left corner of the basis image. The block must fall entirely within the basis image.

3.1.1.1. Entire image replacement
When "delta_type=0" in the "DHDR" chunk, the pixel data in the "IDAT" chunks represent a completely new image, with dimensions given by the "block_width" and "block_height" fields of the "DHDR" chunk. Data from chunks other than "IDAT" can be inherited from the basis image.

3.1.1.2. Block pixel addition
When "delta_type=1" in the "DHDR" chunk, the pixel data in the "IDAT" chunks represent deltas from the pixel data in a basis image known to the decoder.

The basis image must have been derived from a PNG datastream or from a sequence of PND datastreams that depend upon a PNG datastream.

The compression method, filter method, and interlace method need not be the same as those of the basis image.

The "IDAT" chunk data contains a filtered and perhaps interlaced set of delta pixel samples. The delta samples are presented in the order specified by "interlace method", filtered according to the "filter method" and compressed according to the "compression method" given in the "IHDR" chunk. The actual pixel values are calculated using the method defined in the "delta_type" field of the "DHDR" chunk. Only the pixels in the block defined by the block location and dimensions given in the "DHDR" chunk are changed. The size of the "IDAT" data must correspond exactly to this rectangle.

An encoder calculates the new sample values from the samples in the basis image and those in the new image by subtracting the basis image samples from the new image samples, modulo 2^sample_bit_depth. When decoding the "IDAT" chunk, the new image bytes are obtained by adding the delta bytes to the basis image bytes, modulo 2^sample_bit_depth. This is similar in operation to the PNG SUB filter, except that it works by samples instead of by bytes.

When "color_type=3", the deltas are differences between index values, not between color samples.

3.1.1.3. Block alpha addition
When the "delta_type=2" in the "DHDR" chunk, the pixel data in the "IDAT" chunks represent deltas from the alpha data in a basis image known to the decoder. The color samples are not changed, and the updated alpha samples are calculated in the same manner as the updated pixel samples are calculated when "delta_type=1".

The "bit_depth" of the data must match that of the basis image, and "color type" is 0 (grayscale), regardless of the "color_type" of the basis image. The basis image must have an alpha channel or must have been promoted to a type that has an alpha channel. The compression method, filter method, and interlace method need not be the same.

3.1.1.4. Block pixel replacement
When the "delta_type=3" in the "DHDR" chunk, the pixel data in the "IDAT" chunks represent replacement values for the pixel samples in the rectangle given by the block location and dimension fields in the "DHDR" chunk.

The "bit_depth" and "color_type" of the data must match that of the basis image. The compression method, filter method, and interlace method need not be the same.

3.1.1.5. Block alpha replacement
When the "delta_type=4" in the "DHDR" chunk, the pixel data in the "IDAT" chunks represent replacement values of the alpha samples in the rectangle given by the block location and dimension fields in the "DHDR" chunk. The "bit_depth" of the data must match that of the basis image, and "color type" is 0 (grayscale), regardless of the "color_type" of the basis image. The basis image must have an alpha channel or must have been promoted to a type that has an alpha channel. The compression method, filter method, and interlace method need not be the same.
3.1.1.6. No change to pixel data
When "delta_type=5" in the "DHDR" chunk, there is no change to the pixel data, and it is an error for "IDAT" to appear.

3.1.2. DEND End of PND datastream

End of PND datastream. A "DEND" chunk must be present for each "DHDR" chunk in a MNG datastream.

The "DEND" chunk is empty.

3.1.3. PROM Promotion of basis image

This chunk is used to "promote" a basis image to a higher bit depth or to add an alpha channel, before making changes to it.
1 byte: new color_type.
1 byte: new bit_depth.
The "PROM" chunk must appear ahead of the "IHDR" chunk, if "IHDR" is present, and ahead of any chunks that would have followed "IHDR", if "IHDR" is omitted.

When a grayscale or truecolor basis image is promoted to an image with an alpha channel, the alpha samples are initialized to 2^bit_depth-1 (fully opaque). When an indexed-color image is promoted, the alpha channel data is obtained from the basis image's "tRNS" chunk data, if present, or initialized to 2^bit_depth-1, if the "tRNS" chunk is not present or not recognized by the decoder.

The "PROM" chunk is not permitted to "demote" a basis image to an image with a lesser bit depth or from one with an alpha channel to one without an alpha channel.

The resulting image must not exceed "max_bit_depth" or "max_samples_per_pixel" from the "MHDR" chunk.

3.1.4. IHDR/IPNG, PNG chunks, IEND

An incomplete PNG (Portable Network Graphics) datastream. The basis image must be a PNG or PNG-based PND. The datastream can be introduced by a complete PNG "IHDR" chunk or by an "IPNG" chunk, which is empty.

If the "IHDR" chunk is present, its "width", "height", "bit_depth", and "color_type" fields are ignored. The values for these parameters are inherited from the basis image or from the "PROM" chunk.

The "compression_method", "interlace_type", and "filter_type" fields, if different from those of the basis image, are used in decoding any subsequent "IDAT" chunks, and the new values will be inherited by any subsequent image that uses this image as its basis.

See the PNG specification for the format of the PNG chunks. The PNG datastream must contain at least "IHDR" and "IEND" (whether actually present in the datastream or omitted and included by implication, as described below) but can inherit other chunk data from the basis image. Except for IDAT, any chunks appearing between "IHDR" and "IEND" are always treated as replacements or additions and not as deltas.

The "IPNG" chunk can be used instead of the "IHDR" chunk if the "IHDR" chunk is not needed for resetting the value of "compression_method", "filter_type", or "interlace_type". The purpose of this chunk is to identify the beginning of the PNG datastream, so decoders can start interpreting PNG chunks instead of PND chunks. The decoder must treat this datastream as though the "IHDR" chunk were present in the location occupied by the "IPNG" chunk.

The "IHDR" chunk can also be omitted when "image_type=1" and the PNG stream begins with either a "PLTE" chunk or an "IDAT" chunk. In this case, no "IPNG" chunk is required, either. The decoder must treat this datastream as though the "IHDR" chunk were present, immediately preceding the first PNG chunk. If the first PNG chunk is neither a "PLTE" chunk nor an "IDAT" chunk, then either the "IPNG" or "IHDR" must be present to introduce the PNG datastream.

A "gAMA", "cHRM", or similar chunk existing in the basis image would not affect the pixel data inherited by this PND datastream because they are not used in decoding the pixel data. Applications are responsible for ensuring that the pixel values that are inherited from the basis image are the raw pixel data that existed prior to any transformations that were applied while displaying the previous frame.

When processing the "tRNS" chunk, if "color_type=3" and "PLTE" is not supplied, then the number of allowable entries is determined from the number of "PLTE" entries in the basis image.

MNG viewers are expected to ignore the "oFFs" chunk. MNG editors are expected to treat the "oFFs" chunk as an unknown chunk that will be handled as described in Paragraph 3.1.5, below.

The PNG specification places ordering requirements on many chunks with respect to the "PLTE" and "IDAT" chunks. If neither of these two chunks is present, and the "INHR" chunk is not present, known chunks (always including all standard chunks described in the PNG specification) are considered to have appeared in their proper order with respect to the critical chunks. Unknown chunks are ordered as described in Paragraph 3.1.5, below. When the "INHR" chunk is present, then all chunks are considered to have appeared in the order given by the "INHR" chunk.

The "IEND" chunk can be omitted, if it would be the last chunk in the PND datastream before the "DEND", or when no PNG chunks are present.

3.1.5. INHR Inherited chunks

The "INHR" chunk provides rules governing how chunks are to be inherited from the basis image and provides a template for ordering the chunks in an output PNG datastream.

Viewers that only process public PNG chunks and are not concerned about selecting chunks such as "tEXt" or "zTXt" by keyword also need not process the "INHR" chunks, although they must recognize them. Applications that write PND streams containing only public PNG chunks need not be concerned about writing "INHR" chunks.

The "INHR" chunk contains a series of five-byte entries, each giving a chunk name and a rule.

4 bytes: chunkname.

1  byte:  rule.

      0: (Replace) Inherit all instances of the chunk
         in the basis image.  If a new instance is found
         in the PND datastream, delete all inherited
         instances and replace them with the new instance
         or instances.

      1: (Append) Inherit all instances of the chunk in
         the basis image.  Append any new instances found
         in the PND datastream.

      2: (Ignore) Ignore any instances of the chunk in
         the basis image.  Insert any new instances found
         in the PND datastream.

      3: (Replace by Keyword) The chunk is one for which
         multiple instances are permitted, and the first
         field of the chunk is a null-byte terminated
         Latin-1 keyword or name (tEXt, zTXt, spAL, for
         example).  Inherit all instances of the chunk
         from the basis image.  If a new instance is
         found in the PND datastream, delete all
         inherited instances having the same keyword or
         name and replace them with the new instance or
         instances.

      4: (Special) Inheritance and placement of this
         chunk is governed by special rules that must be
         known to the PND decoder (IDAT, for example).
The "INHR" chunk provides a list of chunknames that are to be inherited or not inherited from the basis image, regardless of the copy-safe rules, and regardless of whether the chunk is recognized or not. The number of entries is determined from the chunk length, divided by 5.

The "INHR" chunk also gives a template for the arrangement of chunks within the resulting PNG datastream. The decoder can place them in any order, relative to their order in the basis image, that obeys the chunk-ordering rules for copy-safe chunks given in the PNG specification, but when it encounters unknown but copy-safe chunks, it should use the "INHR" chunk data as a template to ensure that they are properly placed.

The "INHR" chunk can be omitted. If no "INHR" chunk appears in a PND datastream or is associated with its basis image, then data from the global "INHR" chunk, defined Paragraph 2.2.8, above, can be used if it is present. PND applications are expected to know the copying rules and order of placement of those chunks defined in the core specification for the image format corresponding to the "DHDR" "image_type", regardless of whether an "INHR" chunk is present and whether those chunks are listed in it. In particular, the PNG "IHDR" and "IEND" chunks need not be listed in the "INHR" chunk, because the position of these chunks is already well-defined. "PLTE" (with "rule=0") and "IDAT" (with "rule=4") should be listed, however, because other chunks need to be located with respect to them. It is not an error for a chunkname to appear in the list, when that chunk does not appear in the basis image or in the PND datastream.

When an unknown chunk is found in the PND datastream that appears in the basis image but is not listed in the "INHR" chunk, the decoder can copy the chunk into the same position relative to critical chunks that it occupied in the basis image. When an unknown chunk appears neither in the basis image nor in the "INHR" list, or when a chunk's "rule=4" and the PND decoder does not know the special copying rules for the chunk in question, the decoder must treat it as an unknown chunk, ignoring it if it is ancillary, and abandoning the PND datastream if it is critical.

The "INHR" chunk data itself is inherited, so an "INHR" chunk need only appear in the first of a sequence of PND datastreams that have the same "image_id", if there are no changes. When a "INHR" chunk is inherited and also appears on the PND datastream, the entire list of chunk names and rules is replaced.

Applications that reconstruct a PNG datastream from a PND datastream and a basis PNG or PND datastream must not write the "INHR" chunk itself to the resulting PNG datastream, because the "INHR" chunk would not be recognized by a PNG decoder.

There can be only one instance of the "INHR" chunk in a PND datastream. The "INHR" chunk must appear before "IHDR" if it is present.

3.1.6. SBYK Select chunks by keyword

The "SBYK" chunk selects chunks for inheritance from the basis image by the keyword.

Viewers that only process public PNG chunks and are not concerned about selecting chunks such as "tEXt/zTXt" by keyword need not process "SBYK" chunks, although they must recognize them. Applications that write PND streams containing only public PNG chunks need not be concerned about writing "SBYK" chunks.

The chunk is either empty or it contains a select/reject byte, a chunk name, and a keyword.

1 byte:   sbyk_select (unsigned integer).
     0:   Select chunks by keyword.
     1:   Reject chunks by keyword.
4 bytes:  chunkname (four ASCII bytes).
n bytes:  keyword (Latin-1 string).
When the "SBYK" is empty, the "SBYK" list is cleared.

When the "SBYK" chunk is not empty, the specified {sbyk_select, chunk name, keyword} triple is added to the list associated with the "image_id" that is being modified.

The chunk must be one whose first field is Latin-1 string and whose second field is a null separator byte, such as the "tEXt" chunk, which begins with an Latin-1 keyword, or the proposed "fALS" chunk, which begins with an Latin-1 "purpose" string.

The keyword need not be terminated by a null byte; if it is, the null byte will be ignored. The keyword must follow the format of a "tEXt" keyword: It must consist only of printable Latin-1 characters and must not have leading or trailing blanks, but can have single embedded blanks. There must be at least one and no more than 79 characters in the name. Keywords are case-sensitive. Use caution when printing or displaying keywords (Refer to Security considerations, Chapter 8, below).

Any chunks in the basis image having the same chunk name and keyword are selected (if "sbyk_select=0") or rejected (if "sbyk_select=1") for inclusion in the resulting PND image. It is not an error to list a {chunkname, keyword} pair that does not exist in the basis image.

The "SBYK" chunk can be omitted. If no "SBYK" chunk appears in a PND datastream or is associated with its basis image, then data from the global "SBYK" chunk, defined Paragraph 2.2.9, above, can be used if it is present.

The keyword, "purpose," or other identifying string must appear first in the chunk's data segment. The practice of putting a version identifying "signature" first in the data segment of unregistered experimental chunks will defeat this mechanism, so it is better to place such a "signature" after the keyword and its zero-byte separator, if you wish to use the "SBYK" mechanism with your experimental chunk.

Applications that reconstruct a PNG datastream from a PND datastream and a basis PNG or PND datastream must not write the "SBYK" chunk itself to the resulting PNG datastream, because the "SBYK" chunk would not be recognized by a PNG decoder.

Multiple instances of the "SBYK" chunk are permitted in a PND datastream. Any instances must appear prior to the "IHDR" chunk, if the "IHDR" chunk is present.

3.2. PND ancillary chunks

This section describes ancillary PND chunks. MNG-compliant decoders are not required to recognize and process them.

3.2.1. fADE Fade in or out

This chunk can be used to "fade" an image in or out against the background, without having to transmit new alpha values.
1  byte: (unsigned integer), fade_type.
      0: Fade out.
      1: Fade in.
      2: Fade in but don't change fully transparent
         pixels.
2 bytes: (unsigned integer), alpha_delta.
When "fade_type=0", the value of "alpha_delta" is subtracted from the alpha sample of every pixel in the basis image, but the result is not allowed to fall below zero.

When "fade_type=1", the value of "alpha_delta" is added to the alpha sample of every pixel in the basis image, but the result is not allowed to exceed the maximum alpha value for the image's bit depth.

When "fade_type=2", the value of "alpha_delta" is added to the alpha sample of any pixel in the basis image that has a non-zero value, and the result is not allowed to exceed the maximum alpha value for the image's bit depth.

If "color_type=3", then the value of "alpha_delta" is added to or subtracted from the alpha values that were defined by the "tRNS" chunk data in the basis image, and the resulting values become the "tRNS" data exported to any subsequent image. The maximum alpha value for this "color_type" is 255, regardless of the bit depth.

If "color_type" is 0 or 2, the "fADE" chunk is ignored.

If "IHDR" or "IPNG" is also present, the "fADE" chunk must appear before "IHDR" or "IPNG" . The fade operation is performed on the image data after decoding the chunks between "IHDR" or "IPNG" and "IEND".

3.2.2. PNG chunks

The following PNG chunks are also defined at the PND level, and have exactly the same syntax and semantics as those in a PNG stream:

4. Retaining image data

When "ok_to_discard=0" in the "MHDR" chunk, the decoder must retain information about each image for possible redisplay with the "SHOW" chunk or for possible use as the basis image for a subsequent PND datastream.

The following information must be retained, for each "image_id" that is defined and not subsequently discarded:

When the encoder knows that image data will not be needed by subsequent frames, it can make life easier for decoders by using the "ok_to_discard" field of the "MHDR" chunk or by using the "DISC" or the "SEEK" chunk.

5. Decoder handling of fatal errors

When a fatal error is encountered, such as an unknown critical MNG chunk, MNG viewers should attempt to recover gracefully by abandoning processing of the frame and searching for a "SEEK" chunk. If errors occur before the "SAVE" chunk is reached, the viewer should probably just abandon the MNG datastream.

When an error occurs within a image datastream, such as an unknown critical PNG chunk or a missing basis image where one was required, only that image should be abandoned and the associated "image_id" should be discarded.

MNG editors, on the other hand, should be more strict and reject any datastream with errors unless the user intervenes.

6. Decoder handling of interlaced images

Decoders are required to be able to interpret datastreams that contain interlaced PNG images, but are only required to display the completed frames; they are not required to display the images as they evolve. Viewers that are decoding datastreams coming in over a slow communication link might want to do that, but MNG authors should not assume that the frames will be displayed in other than their final form.

7. Decoder handling of palettes

When a "PLTE" chunk is received, it only affects the display of the PNG or PND datastream that includes it, and any subsequent PND datastreams that depend on it.

If "PLTE" is present in a PND datastream, the new palette is used in displaying the image defined by the PND; if no "IDAT" chunk is present and the image type is PNG indexed-color, then the resulting image is displayed using the old pixel samples as indices into the new palette, which provides a "palette animation" capability.

If a frame contains two or more images, the "PLTE" chunk in one image does not affect the display of the other, unless one image is a PND without a "PLTE" chunk, that has been declared by the "DHDR" "image_id" field to depend on the other.

A composite frame consisting only of indexed-color images should not be assumed to contain 256 or fewer colors, since the individual palettes do not necessarily contain the same set of colors. Encoders can supply a "spAL" chunk with a reduced global palette, to help decoders build an appropriate palette when necessary.

8. Security considerations

Security considerations are addressed in the basic PNG specification.

An infinite or just overly long loop could give the appearance of having locked up the machine, as could an unreasonably long inter-frame delay or a misplaced "sync_id" with a long "sync_timeout" value. Therefore a decoder should always provide a simple method for users to escape out of a loop or delay, either by canceling the MNG entirely or just proceeding on to the next "SEEK" chunk.

No known additional security concerns are raised by this format.

Detection of corrupted file transfers can be improved even beyond that available in PNG by using the "MHDR" "max_chunk_size" field to determine whether any chunk length (except for that of "MHDR" itself, which has a known length that can be checked) is unreasonably large. The "SEEK" chunk makes it safe for a viewer to resume processing after it encounters a corrupted portion of a MNG datastream.

9. Appendix: Examples

We use the "#" character to denote commentary in these examples; such comments are not present in actual MNG datastreams.

9.1. Example 1: Simple movie

\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature
MHDR 720 468 720 468    # Width and height
     20 65536  # 20 frames, max chunk length = 65kbytes
     30  3 60  # 10 frames per second, duration 60 ticks
     1010880   # max storage is 720x468x3
     8         # four unused bytes, max_bit_depth 8
     3         # Max 3 samples per pixel (color type 2)
     0 0       # Not OK discard, max_image_id
     000000..  # Fifteen reserved bytes
tEXtTitle\0Sample Movie
fPRI 128 255   # default frame priority is "medium"

SAVE
SEEK 0 n1
IHDR 720 468 8 2 0 0 0   # DEFI 0 is implied
IDAT ...
IEND 


DHDR 0 1 1 20 30 100 220   # A PNG-delta frame
IDAT ...       # The IDAT gives the 20x30 block
DEND           # of deltas

DHDR 0 1 1 20 30 102 222     # Another PNG-delta frame
IDAT ...       # This time the deltas are in a 20 x 30
DEND           # block at a slightly different location

SEEK n1 n2      # Ok to restart here because a
                # complete PNG frame follows
fPRI 255 255    # This is the representative frame that
IHDR 720 468 ...# will be displayed by single-frame
IDAT ...        # viewers.
IEND
fPRI 128 128   # Return to medium frame priority

DHDR 0 1 1 720 468 0 0     # Another PNG-delta frame
IDAT ...   # The entire 720x468 rectangle changes
DEND       # this time.

SEEK n2 0
MEND            # End of MNG datastream

9.2. Example 2: Single composite frame

Here's an example single-composite-frame MNG, with thumbnails, which takes a grayscale image and draws it side-by-side with a false-color version of the same image:
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n # MNG signature
MHDR 1024 512 500 500 # Width, height
     1 8192   # Nframes, maxchunklen
     1 0 0    # Frame duration can be zero since there's
              # only one frame but ticklength must be nonzero
     0000     # Max storage is undefined
     16 1     # Max depth 16, max 1 sample per pixel
     0 2      # Not ok to discard, max_image_id
     000000.. # Fifteen reserved bytes
BACK 1 64 64 192     # Must use sky blue background

tHUM 0 1       # Introduce the thumbnail images
DEFI 0 1       # Make them invisible for viewers that
IHDR 64 64 4 3 0 0 0 # don't recognize the tHUM chunk
IDAT
IEND
DEFI 1 1       # Also define a larger thumbnail
IHDR 101 101 4 3 0 0 0
IDAT
IEND
tHUM           # Empty tHUM chunk marks end of thumbnail
DISC           # sequence.

FRAM 2 0 0 0 0       # Composite frame, 1024 x 512
DEFI 0 0 6 6         # Define first (bottom) image
IHDR 500 500 16 0 .. # A 16-bit graylevel image
gAMA 50000
IDAT ...
IEND                 # End of image

CLON 0 1 0 1 0 518 6 # Make a full clone
DHDR 1 1 5           #  Modify it (no change to pixels).
INHR gAMA 0 tEXt 3 faLT 0 IDAT 4 # establish chunk order
gAMA 100000   # gamma value is 100000 (gamma=1.0)
tEXtComment\0The faLT chunk is described in ftp://swrinde....
faLT ...             # Apply pseudocolor to basis image
DEND                 # End of image
DEFI 2 0 900 400 # Overlay near lower right-hand corner
IHDR 101 101 2 3 ...
gAMA 50000           # We need a new gAMA because
PLTE ...             #    this is not a PND datastream
tRNS ...             # It's transparent (maybe a logo)
IDAT ...             # Note that the color type can differ
IDAT ...             #    from that of the other images.
IEND                 # End of image

MEND                 # End of MNG datastream

9.3. Example 3: Movie with sprites

Here's another movie, illustrating the use of PND datastreams as sprites
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature
MHDR 512 512 512 512  # Start of MNG datastream
     0 0          # Nframes, maxchunklen undefined
     30 3 3000   # 10 frames/sec, not more than 100 sec
     600000      # Max storage is 2x512x512x1 + 32x32x1
     8           # max_bit_depth 8
     1           # Max samples per pixel
     0 3         # Not ok to discard, max_image_id
     000000..    # Fifteen reserved bytes
FRAM 2 0 0 0 0   # First frame
DEFI 1           # Define image 1  (LOCA 0 0 implied)
IHDR 512 512 ... # It's a full-display PNG image
etc              # Chunks according to PNG spec
IEND             # SHOW 0 1 1 is implied by DEFI 1
DEFI 2           # Define image 2
LOCA 2 0 300 200   # Location for image 2
IHDR 32 32 ...   # It's a small PNG
gAMA 50000
IDAT ...
DEND             # IEND is omitted
FRAM             # Start new frame
                 # New location for image 1 is still 0,0
SHOW 1           # Display image 1 from previous frame
LOCA 2 1 10 5    # New (delta) location for image 2
SHOW 2             # Retrieve image 2 from previous frame,
CLON 2 3 0       # make a full clone of it as image 3
     0 400 500   # Location for image 3
DHDR 3 1 3 0 0 0 0      # Modify image 3
tRNS ...         # Make it semitransparent
DEND             # SHOW 3 is implied by CLON visibility
FRAM             # Next frame (repeat this FRAM-SHOW 1 3
                 #   sequence with different locations to
                 #   move the images around)
                 # New location for image 1 is still 0,0
LOCA 2 1 10 5    # New (delta) location for image 2
LOCA 3 1 5 -2    # New location for image 3
SHOW 1 3         # Show images 1 through 3
FRAM             #  Another frame
etc.
FRAM  
etc.             # More frames
MEND             # End of MNG datastream

9.4. Example 4: "Fading in" a transparent image

The opaque parts of this image will "fade in" gradually. This technique will not work with color_type 4 or 6 images that have partially transparent pixels. You would use a series of PND datastreams with IDAT chunks, instead, that add the desired amount to each individual alpha sample but have zeroes in the color component deltas. You can, however, "fade out" such images with the "fADE" chunk. This example also illustrates the use of the "fPRi" chunk.
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n # MNG signature
MHDR 64 64 64 64  # Width, height
     16 8192      # Nframes, maxchunklen
     30 6 140  # Tick length, frame and total duration
     10000     # 64x64x1 x 2 is 8192
     8 1       # Max bit depth 8, 1 sample per pixel
     0 2      # Not ok to discard, max_image_id
     000000.. # Fifteen reserved bytes
BACK 0 192 192 192 # "Browser gray" default background
DEFI 1      # No FRAM chunk means framing mode 0
IHDR ...    # PNG header
PLTE ...
tRNS ...    # Entries are zero for the transparent color
            # and 255 for the nontransparent ones.
IDAT ...
IEND
fPRi 0 0 255  # Give the fade-in sequence a low priority
CLON 1 2    # Make a working copy of the image because
            # it will be modified during the low-priority
            # part of the datastream.  It's a full clone.
DHDR 2 1 3 64 64 0 0 
fADE 0 254  # Subtract 254 to alpha for all nontransparent
            # pixels to bring them down from 255 to 1
LOOP 0 0 15
DHDR 2 1 3 64 64 0 0 
fADE 2 16   # Add 16 to alpha for all nontransparent
DEND        # colors.
ENDL 0      # Repeat loop.  After 15 iterations, the
            # opaque colors will end up with alpha=241
            # and the transparent ones will still be 0.
DISC 2      # Discard the working copy
fPRi 0 255 255  # Give the final frame the highest value
FRAM 0 1 0 0 0 60 # Hold the last frame for at least 60
      # tics (2 sec).  Applications might show it longer.
SHOW 1      # This copy still has alpha=255 for the
            # opaque pixels and alpha=0 for the others.
MEND        # End of MNG

9.5. Example 5: Storing three-dimensional images

In this example, we store a series of twenty-four 150 x 150 x 150 blocks of 8-bit voxels. Each block is stored as a composite frame with the first image being a PNG whose pixels represent the top layer of voxels, which is followed by 149 PND images representing the rest of the layers of voxels. Only one "image_id" is defined, through which the basis image is passed along from PNG to PND to PND. This example also illustrates the use of unregistered ancillary chunks that describe the x, y, and z scales and pixel calibration.
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n # MNG signature
MHDR 150 150 150 150 24  # Width, height, nframes
     65000       #  Maxchunklen (doesn't have to be 2^n)
     30 0 0      # Tick length, duration (can be zero)
     50000       # Max storage is 150 x 150 x 2 = 45000
     16 1        # Max bit depth 8, 1 sample per pixel
     0 0      # Not ok to discard, max_image_id
     000000.. # Fifteen reserved bytes

tEXtTitle\0Weather modeling results
tEXtComment\0The pcAL, xsCL, ysCL, zsCA, and tsCL chunks
 in this file are written according to the PNG Sci-vis
 chunks specification version 19960921 available at
 ftp://swrinde.nde.swri.edu/pub/png-group/documents/

xsCLkilometers\0 0\0 150 # Sci-vis "xsCL" chunk
ysCLkilometers\0 0\0 150 # Sci-vis "ysCL" chunk
zsCAHeight (kilometers)\0 0\0 15
tsCLTime (hours)\0 0\0 24 # See proposed sci-vis chunks
pcAL 0 2 Degrees Celsius\0 0\0 45  # Sci-vis "pcAL" chunk
SAVE
SEEK 0 3588720    # 3588720 bytes to the next SEEK chunk
FRAM 4 0 0 0 0   # Initial composite image
IHDR 150 150 16  # Width, height, bit depth for top layer
     0 0 0 0     # Color, comp, filter, interlace
IDAT ...
IEND             # No DEFI chunk, so it's image 0
DHDR 0 1 0       # Source=0, PNG, pixel subtraction,
     150 150 0 0 # Block is entire image
IDAT ...     # IHDR is omitted; everything matches top
DEND         # IEND is also omitted
etc.         # Repeat DHDR through DEND 148 more times
SEEK 3588720 4621885
FRAM         # End of first block
etc.         # Repeat FRAM through SEEK 19 more times
SEEK 2285321 0
MEND         # End of MNG

9.6. Example 6: Tiling

Here's another composite frame, illustrating the use of the LOOP syntax to tile a large (1024 by 768) image area with a small (128 by 64) image.

"Draw mode" version:

\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature
MHDR 1024 768 128 64 .. 2 .. # Start of MNG datastream
FRAM 4 0 0 0 0
DEFI 1 1 0 -64 # Set up an offscreen copy of the tile
IHDR 128 64 ...
PLTE ...
IDAT ...      # Nothing will be displayed because it's
IEND ...      # outside the 1024 by 768 composite frame
LOOP 0 0 12   # Y loop -- make 12 rows of tiles
LOCA 1 1 0 64 # Move the first copy down 64 rows
SHOW 1        # Display it
CLON 1 2 1    # Create a partial clone of the tile
LOOP 1 0 7    # X loop - 7 additional columns
LOCA 2 1 0 128 # Move it to the right 128 columns
SHOW 2        # Use the second copy
ENDL 1
ENDL 0
MEND
To make a "sprite mode" version: We must unroll the loops and make 95 partial clones:
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature
MHDR 1024 768 128 64 .. 96 .. # Start of MNG datastream
FRAM 3 0 0 0 0
DEFI 1 1       # Corner tile, image_id=1, invisible.
IHDR 128 64 ...
PLTE ...
IDAT ...
IEND ...
CLON 1 2 1 1 0 128 # Make partial clones, delta located
CLON 2 3 1 1 0 128 # Locate each one 128 columns to the
CLON 3 4 1 1 0 128 # right of its basis image
etc.
CLON 1 13 1 1 0 64  # Make a partial clone below image 1
CLON 13 14 1 1 0 128 # More clones to the right
etc.
SHOW 1 96      # Show the image and its partial clones
MEND

9.7. Example 7: Scrolling

Here is an example of scrolling a 3000-line-high image (perhaps an image of some text, but could be anything) through a 256-line-high window with an alpha-blended border.
\212 M N G \r \n ^z \n  # MNG signature
MHDR 512 256      # Width and height on screen
     512 3000     # Max_image must accommodate the
                  # Largest stored image
     3257        # Max no of frames
     32000       #  Maxchunklen
     30 1 3257   # Tick length, duration, total dur. 
     800000      # Max storage 512x3000x(1/8) + 512x256x4
     4 1         # Max bit depth 4, 1 sample per pixel
     0 2      # Not ok to discard, max_image_id
     000000.. # Fifteen reserved bytes
FRAM 2 0 0 0 0
DEFI 1 1 0 256    # Define image 1 but don't display now
                  # Initially it's offscreen, just
                  # below the 512 by 256 window
IHDR 512 3000 1 0 ... # A PNG datastream containing the
PLTE ...          # text (or whatever) to be scrolled
IDAT ...
IEND

DEFI 2
IHDR 512 256 8 6 ... # A PNG datastream containing some kind
PLTE ...         # of alpha-blended border that is
tRNS ...         # transparent in the center
IDAT ...
IEND

LOOP 0 0 3256
FRAM  
LOCA 1 1 0 1 # Jack image 1 up one scanline, 3256 times
             # It ends up just above the 512 by 256 window
             # The border does not move
SHOW 1 2     # Show the two images
ENDL 0

MEND

9.8. Example 8: Converting a GIF animation to MNG

Outline of a program to convert GIF animations to MNG format:
begin
    write "MHDR" chunk with max_image_id=65535
    write "BACK" chunk
    saved_images := 0
    frame_duration := 0
    first_frame := TRUE
    if(loops>1) "write LOOP 0 1 loops"
    for subimage in gif89a file do
       if(frame_duration != gif_duration) then
         frame_duration := gif_duration
         write "FRAM 2 2 2 0 2 0 frame_duration 0" chunk
         first_frame := FALSE
       else if(first_frame == TRUE)then
         write "FRAM 2 0 0 0 0" chunk
         first_frame := FALSE
       else
         write "FRAM" chunk
       endif

       if(x_loc == 0 AND y_loc == 0) then
          write "DEFI saved_images 1" chunk
       else
          write "DEFI saved_images 1 x_loc y_loc" chunk
       write "<image>"
       write "SHOW 0 saved_images" chunk
       if (gif_disposal_method == 0
          OR gif_disposal_method == 2) then
          /* (undefined or restore background) */
             write "DISC" chunk
             saved_images := 0
       else if (gif_disposal_method == 1) then
          /* (keep) */
          saved_images := saved_images + 1
       else if (gif_disposal_method == 3) then
          /* (restore previous) */
          write "DISC saved_images" chunk
       endif
    endfor
    write "FRAM" chunk
    if(loops > 1)write "DISC" and  "ENDL 0" chunks
    write "MEND" chunk
end
Where "<image>" represents a PNG or PND datastream containing the GIF frame converted to PNG format.

Caution: if you write such a program you might have to pay royalties in order to use it or convey it to anyone else.

10. Credits

Contributors' names are presented in alphabetical order: Trademarks:

Author's Address

Glenn Randers-Pehrson
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
ATTN: AMSRL-WM-TD
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

Phone: (410) 278-6554

EMail: glennrp@arl.mil or randeg@alumni.rpi.edu

End of MNG Specification. Expires 12 Jun 1997